Transcript Unit 7 Review Jeopardy

Earth Systems and Resources
JEOPARDY!! 
Nonrenewable 1
Nonrenewable 2
Food 1
Food 2
Potpourri
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10 Nonrenewable 1
Define geology, core, mantle,
asthenosphere, crust, and
lithosphere.
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Nonrenewable 1
Geology is the science devoted to the study of dynamic processes occurring on
the earth’s surface and in its interior.
The core is the earth’s innermost zone. It is extremely hot and has a solid inner
part, surrounded by a liquid core of molten or semisolid material.
Surrounding the core is a thick zone called the mantle, mostly solid rock.
The outermost and thinnest zone of the earth is the crust.
The asthenosphere is a zone of hot, partly melted rock under the rigid outermost
part of the mantle.
The combination of the crust and the rigid, outermost part of the mantle is called
the lithosphere.
20 Nonrenewable 1
Define mineral, mineral resource,
and rock.
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Nonrenewable 1
A mineral is an element or inorganic
compound that occurs
naturally in the earth’s crust as a solid with a regular internal
crystalline structure.
A mineral resource is a concentration of naturally occurring
material from the earth’s crust that can be extracted and
processed into useful products and raw materials at an
affordable cost.
Two major types are metallic minerals (such as aluminum and
gold), and nonmetallic minerals (such as sand and limestone).
Because they take so long to form, minerals are classified as
nonrenewable resources.
Rock is a solid combination of one or more minerals found in
the earth’s crust. Some kinds of rock, such as limestone and
quartzite, contain only one mineral.
30 Nonrenewable 1
Define and distinguish among
sedimentary rock, igneous rock, and
metamorphic rock and give an
example of each.
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30 Nonrenewable 1
Sedimentary rock is made of sediments—dead plant and animal
remains and tiny particles of weathered and eroded rocks.
Examples include sandstone, shale, dolomite, limestone, lignite
and bituminous coal.
Igneous rock forms below or on the earth’s surface when magma
wells up from the earth’s upper mantle or deep crust and then
cools and hardens. Examples include granite and lava rock.
Metamorphic rock forms when a preexisting rock is subjected to
high temperatures, high pressures, chemically active fluids, or a
combination of these agents. Examples include slate and marble.
30 Community 1
40 Nonrenewable 1
Define and describe the nature and
importance of the rock cycle.
40 Nonrenewable 1
The interaction of physical and chemical processes that change
rocks from one type to another is called the rock cycle.
In this process, rocks are broken down, eroded, crushed, heated,
melted, fused together into new forms by heat and pressure, cooled,
and/ or recrystallized within the earth’s mantle and in the earth’s
crust.
The rock cycle concentrates the planet’s nonrenewable mineral
resources on which our life processes depend.
50 Nonrenewable 1
Define ore and distinguish between
a high-grade ore and a low-grade
ore.
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Nonrenewable 1
An ore is rock that contains a large enough concentration
of a particular mineral—often a metal—to make it
profitable for mining and processing.
A high-grade ore contains a large concentration of the
desired mineral, whereas a low-grade ore contains a
smaller concentration.
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Nonrenewable 2
What is depletion time and what
factors affect it?
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Nonrenewable 2
Depletion time is the time it takes to use up a certain
proportion— usually 80%— of the reserves of a
mineral at a given rate of use. The shortest depletion
time estimate assumes no recycling or reuse and no
increase in reserves. A longer depletion time
estimate assumes that recycling will stretch existing
reserves and that better mining technology, higher
prices, or new discoveries will increase reserves. An
even longer depletion time assumes that new
discoveries will further expand.
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Nonrenewable 2
Summarize the life cycle of a metal
product.
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Nonrenewable 2
The life cycle of a metal product includes mining, processing,
manufacturing a product, disposal, and recycling.
.
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Nonrenewable 2
Define overburden and spoils.
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Nonrenewable 2
*
Overburden is the soil and rock overlying a useful mineral
deposit. Overburden is usually set aside in piles of waste
material, called spoils.
40
Nonrenewable 2
What are tectonic plates, and what
typically happens when they collide,
move apart, or grind against one
another?
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Nonrenewable 2
Tectonic plates are huge rigid plates that move extremely slowly atop the
denser mantle. They were likely formed from the flows of energy and heated
material in convection cells that caused the lithosphere to break up.
Tectonic plates can also slide and grind past one another along a fracture
(fault) in the lithosphere—a type of boundary called a transform fault. It
consists of the continental crust, which underlies the continents (including the
continental shelves extending into the oceans), and the oceanic crust, which
underlies the ocean basins and makes up 71% of the earth’s crust.
Subduction is when an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate. The
continental plate usually rides up over the denser oceanic plate and pushes it
down into the mantle. The area where this collision and subduction takes
place is called a subduction zone.
Weathering is the physical, chemical, and biological processes that break
down rocks into smaller particles that help build soil. Weathering plays a
key role in soil formation.
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Nonrenewable 2
Define earthquake and describe its
nature and major effects.
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Nonrenewable 2
Forces inside the earth’s mantle and near its surface push, deform, and
stress rocks. The stress can cause the rocks to suddenly shift or break
and produce a transform fault, or fracture, in the earth’s crust. When a
fault forms, or when there is abrupt movement on an existing fault,
energy that has accumulated over time is released in the form of
vibrations, called seismic waves, which move in all directions through
the surrounding rock. This internal geological process is called an
earthquake. Most earthquakes occur at the boundaries of tectonic plates
when colliding plates create tremendous pressures in the earth’s crust or
when plates slide past one another at transform faults. Relief of the
earth’s internal stress releases energy as shock (seismic) waves, which
move outward from the earthquake’s focus like ripples in a pool of
water. Scientists measure the severity of an earthquake by the
magnitude of its seismic waves.
10
Food1
Define polyculture and
summarize its benefits.
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Food1
Many traditional farmers grow several crops on
the same plot simultaneously, a practice known as
polyculture. Polyculture reduces the chances of
losing all of the year’s food supply to pests, bad
weather, or other misfortunes.
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Food1
Define organic agriculture and
compare its main components with
those of conventional industrialized
agriculture.
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Food1
Organic agriculture involves crops
grown with the use of ecologically sound
and sustainable methods. Organic
agriculture differs from industrialized
agriculture because it doesn’t use
synthetic pesticides, inorganic fertilizers,
or genetically engineered plants.
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Food1
What is a green revolution?
.
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Food1
Since 1950, about 88% of the increase in global food
production has come from using high-input industrialized
agriculture to increase yields in a process called the green
revolution.
40
Food1
Distinguish between crossbreeding through
artificial selection and genetic engineering.
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Food1
Traditional crossbreeding is a slow process, typically
taking 15 years or more to produce a commercially
valuable new crop variety, and it can combine traits
only from species that are genetically similar.
Genetic engineering involves altering an organism’s
genetic material through adding, deleting, or
changing segments of its DNA to produce desirable
traits or to eliminate undesirable ones. It enables
scientists to transfer genes between different species
that would not interbreed in nature. The resulting
organisms are called genetically modified organisms
(GMOs).
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Food1
Describe the second
green revolution based
on genetic
engineering.
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Food1
The second green revolution involves altering an organism’s
genetic material by adding, deleting, or changing segments of
its DNA to produce desirable traits or to eliminate undesirable
ones. It also allows for the transfer of genetic material
between organisms that would not be able to interbreed in
nature.
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10
Food 2
What is topsoil and why is it one
of our most important resources?
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Food 2
Topsoil is the topmost layer of soil which supports the
growth of plants. It is important because it supports all
food growth.
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Food 2
Define soil
salinization and
waterlogging and
describe their
harmful
environmental
effects.
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Food 2
Repeated annual applications of irrigation water in dry
climates lead to the gradual accumulation of salts in
the upper soil layers—a soil degradation process called
salinization. It stunts crop growth, lowers crop yields,
and can eventually kill plants and ruin the land.
Irrigation can cause waterlogging, in which water
accumulates underground and gradually raises the
water table. Farmers often apply large amounts of
irrigation water to leach salts deeper into the soil.
Without adequate drainage, waterlogging occurs and
saline water then surrounds the deep roots of plants,
lowering their productivity and killing them after
prolonged exposure.
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Food 2
Compare the benefits and
harmful effects of
industrialized meat
production.
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Food 2
Producing meat by using feedlots and other
confined animal production facilities increases
meat production, reduces overgrazing, and
yields higher profits. However, such systems
use large amounts of energy and water and
produce huge amounts of animal waste that
sometimes pollutes surface water and
groundwater and saturates the air with their
odor.
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Food 2
Summarize the advantages and
disadvantages of modern
pesticides.
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Food 2
Advantages of conventional chemical
pesticides include: save lives, increase food
supplies, profitable, work fast, and safe if
used properly. Disadvantages include:
promote genetic resistance, kill natural pest
enemies, pollute the environment, can harm
wildlife and people, and are expensive for
farmers.
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Food 2
What is aquaculture (fish
farming)?
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Food 2
Aquaculture involves the raising of marine
and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater
cages instead of hunting and gathering them.
10 Genetics 2
My name is Bond, Ionic Bond;
Taken, not shared!
10 Population Growth
From: Mariano Cecowski
<MCecowski#NoSpam.sif.com.ar>
Q: if both a bear in Yosemite and one in
Alaska fall into the water
which one disolves faster?
A: The one in Alaska because it is
HIJKLMNO
10 Population Growth
Alimentary: What Sherlock Holmes said to Dr. Watson.
Urinate: What a nurse would say if a patient asked her what room
he's in.
Urine - The opposite of "You're out!"
Benign: What we want when we are eight.
Intestine - Currently taking an exam
CARDIOLOGY: advanced study of poker playing
TERMINAL ILLNESS: getting sick at the airport
10
Potpourri
Explain how the supply of a
nonrenewable mineral
resource can be
economically depleted and
list the five choices we have
when this occurs.
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Potpourri
A supply can be economically depleted when it costs more
to find than it is worth.
We can recycle or reuse existing supplies, waste less, use
less, find a substitute, or do without.
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Genetics 2
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Potpourri
Describe the conventional
view of the relationship
between the supply of a
mineral resource and its
market price.
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Potpourri
According to standard economic theory, in a competitive market
system, a plentiful mineral resource is cheap when its supply
exceeds demand. When a resource becomes scarce, its price rises.
According to some economists, this price effect may no longer
apply very well in most developed countries. Industry and
government in such countries often use subsidies, taxes,
regulations, and import tariffs to control the supplies, demands,
and prices of minerals to such an extent that a truly competitive
market does not exist. Most mineral prices are kept artificially low
because governments subsidize development of their domestic
mineral resources to help promote economic growth and national
security.
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Potpourri
What is the root cause of food
insecurity?
30
Potpourri
Most agricultural experts agree that
the root cause of food insecurity is
poverty, which prevents poor people
from growing or buying enough food.
Other obstacles to food security are
environmental degradation, political
upheaval, war, and corruption.
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Genetics 2
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Potpourri
Distinguish among
industrialized agriculture
(high-input agriculture),
plantation agriculture,
hydroponics, traditional
subsistence agriculture, and
traditional intensive
agriculture.
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Potpourri
Industrialized agriculture, or high-input agriculture, uses heavy equipment and large
amounts of financial capital, fossil fuel, water, commercial inorganic fertilizers, and
pesticides to produce single crops, or monocultures.
Plantation agriculture is a form of industrialized agriculture used primarily in
tropical developing countries. It involves growing cash crops such as bananas,
soybeans (mostly to feed livestock), sugarcane (to produce sugar and ethanol fuel),
coffee, palm oil (used as a cooking oil and to produce biodiesel fuel), and
vegetables. Crops are grown on large monoculture plantations, mostly for export to
developed countries. Producing such monoculture crops in the tropics increases
yields but decreases biodiversity when tropical forests are cleared or burned to make
way for crop plantations.
Hydroponics involves growing plants by exposing their roots to a nutrient-rich
water solution instead of soil, usually inside of a greenhouse.
Traditional subsistence agriculture supplements energy from the sun (for
photosynthesis) with the labor of humans and draft animals to produce enough crops
for a farm family’s survival, with little left over to sell or store as a reserve for hard
times.
In traditional intensive agriculture, farmers increase their inputs of human and draftanimal labor, animal manure for fertilizer, and water to obtain higher crop yields. If
the weather cooperates, they produce enough food to feed their families and have
some left to sell for income.
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Potpourri
Describe the second green
revolution based on genetic
engineering.
50
Potpourri
The second green revolution involves
altering an organism’s genetic material by
adding, deleting, or changing segments of
its DNA to produce desirable traits or to
eliminate undesirable ones. It also allows
for the transfer of genetic material
between organisms that would not be able
to interbreed in nature.
.