Transcript volcanoes

LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST
NOTABLE DISASTERS
CHILE
PART 4: VOLCANOES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for
Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED
DISASTERS IN CHILE
FLOODS
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE
AND COMMUNITIES
WINDSTORMS
EARTHQUAKES/TSUNAMIS
HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM
BECOMING DISASTER
NRESILIENT
VOLCANOES
WILDFIRES
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Natural Phenomena That Cause
Disasters
Planet Earth’s heat
flow causes
movement of
lithospheric
plates, which
causes subduction, which
causes VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
VOLCANOES
PART OF THE PACIFIC “RING OF FIRE,”
CHILE HAS ACTIVE VOLCANOES AS A
RESULT OF COMPLEX SUBDUCTION OF
THE NAZCA PLATE BENEATH THE SOUTH
AMERICAN PLATE
SOME OF THE 1,500 ACTIVE
VOLCANOES ARE IN CHILE
CHILE: THE SOUTH AMERICAN
AND NAZCA PLATES
CHILE’S CITIES
(NOTE: CONEPCION)
NOTABLE VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS IN CHILE
JUNE 4, 2011
PUYHUE CORDON CAULLE
PUYEHUE-CORDON CAULLE
• The 2011 Puyehue-Cordón
Caulle eruption began in the
PUYHUE-CORDON CAULLE
volcanic complex on June 4,
2011.
PUYEHUE-CORDON CAULLE
• Cordón Caulle is a volcanic fissure
that has erupted many times in
recorded history, notably in 1960, a
few days after the world’s largest
earthquake (the M9.5 Valdiva
earthquake) occurred.
• The Puyehue stratocone, however,
has remained dormant
AN ALL OUT EFFORT TO
PREDICT THE JUNE 4
ERUPTION
WORK OF OBDAS
• The Southern Andean Volcano
Observatory (OBDAS) of Servicio
Nacional de Geologia y Mineria de Chile
(SERNAGEOMIN) reported on 27 April
2011, 15:30 local time, an increase in
seismicity at the Puyehue-Cordón
Caulle and set the alert Level to 3,
(“Yellow”)
WORK OF OBDAS
• Between 20:00 on June 2 and 19:59 on
June 3, OVDAS reported] that about
1,450 earthquakes at Puyehue-Cordón
Caulle were detected (an average of
about 60 earthquakes per hour).
WORK OF OBDAS
• Scientists and regional authorities flew
over the volcano, noting no significant
changes, so the alert level remained at
3, yellow.
WORK OF OBDAS
• On June 4, at 11:30 local time, a new
eruption in the Puyehue volcano
began; For a six-hour period on June 4,
seismic activity increased to an
average of 230 earthquakes per hour, at
depths of 1–4 km.
• The alert level was raised to 5, (“red”).
EVACUATION
• At least 3,500 people were
evacuated from nearby areas;
albeit with some reluctance and
resistance.
IMPACTS
• The ash cloud was blown across cities
all around the Southern hemisphere,
including Bariloche, Buenos Aires,
Montevideo, stamley, Porto Alegre,
Cape Town, Hobart, Perth, Adelaide,
Sydney, Melbourne, Wellington, and
Auckland, forcing airlines to cancel
hundreds of international and domestic
flights.
IMPACTS
• An estimated one hundred
million tons of ash, sand and
pumice were ejected.
• By 18 June the ash cloud had
completed one trip around the
globe.
IMPACTS
• 18 days after it first erupted, lava began
flowing from the volcanic fissure,
heading west and flowing slowly along
a channel about 50 meters wide and 30
m long
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
• The eruption significantly affected the
surrounding environment.
• The temperature of the Nilahue River
rose to 45 °C (113 °F), killing an
estimated 4.5 million fish and
devastating the fish farming industry/
• The cattle economy in the area was
also devastated.
SAME VOLCANO; ANOTHER
ERUPTION: FEBRUARY 2012
NOTABLE VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS IN CHILE
MAY 3, 2008
AFTER 10,000 YEAR DORMANCY,
CHAITEN ERUPTS IN CHILE:
MAY 3, 2008
AUTHORITIES DISTRIBUTE
10,000 MASKS IN CHAITEN
THOUSANDS EVACUATED
CHAITEN EVACUEES
CHAITEN’S ASH CLOUD
IMPACTS ESQUEL, ARGENTINA
ESQUEL, ARGENTINA
ESQUEL, ARGENTINA
ELEMENTS OF HAZARDS
AND RISK
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE
AND TSUNAMI RISK
HAZARDS
EXPOSURE
RISK
VULNERABILITY
LOCATION
VOLCANO HAZARDS
CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS
• VERTICAL PLUME (can affect
jet aircraft)
• ASH AND TEPHRA
• LATERAL BLAST
• PYROCLASTIC CLOUDS,
BURSTS, AND FLOWS
VOLCANO HAZARDS
CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS
• LAVA FLOWS
• LAHARS (can bury villages)
• EARTHQUAKES (related to
movement of lava)
• “VOLCANIC WINTER” (causing
famine and mass extinctions)
CAUSES
OF RISK
LATERAL BLAST
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
FLYING DEBRIS
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
CASE HISTORIES
VOLCANIC ASH
LAVA FLOWS
LAHARS
TOXIC GASES
A DISASTER CAN HAPPEN
WHEN THE
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS
OF AN EARTHQUAKE OR A
TSUNAMI INTERACT WITH
CHILE’S COMMUNITIES OR WITH
THE COMMUNITIES OF ANOTHER
PACIFIC RIM COUNTRY
A DISASTER is ----- the set of failures that overwhelm the
capability of a community to respond
without external help when three
continuums: 1) people, 2) community
(i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and
social constructs), and 3) complex
events (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis,…)
intersect at a point in space and time.
THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN
EARTHQUAKE--TSUNAMI
DISASTER IS
EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI
DISASTER RESILIENCE
THE KEYS TO RESILIENCE:
1) KNOW THE ERUPTIVE HISTORY OF
YOUR REGION’S VOLCANOES,
2) BE PREPARED
3) HAVE A WARNING SYSTEM
4) EVACUATE
5) LEARN FROM THE
EXPERIENCE AND START OVER
Disasters are caused by
single- or multiple-event
natural hazards that, (for
various reasons), cause
extreme levels of mortality,
morbidity, homelessness,
joblessness, economic losses,
or environmental impacts.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• When it does happen, the
functions of the community’s
buildings and infrastructure will be
LOST because they are
UNPROTECTED with the
appropriate codes and standards.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is UNPREPARED for what will likely
happen, not to mention the
low-probability of occurrence—
high-probability of adverse
consequences event.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is UNPREPARED for what will likely
happen, not to mention the
low-probability of occurrence—
high-probability of adverse
consequences event.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community has NO DISASTER
PLANNING SCENARIO or
WARNING SYSTEM in place as a
strategic framework for early threat
identification and coordinated
local, national, regional, and
international countermeasures.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community LACKS THE
CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a
timely and effective manner to
the full spectrum of expected
and unexpected emergency
situations.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is INEFFICIENT
during recovery and
reconstruction because it HAS
NOT LEARNED from either the
current experience or the
cumulative prior experiences.
THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN
VOLCANO DISASTER IS
VOLCANO DISASTER
RESILIENCE
VOLCANO RISK
•VOLCANO HAZARDS
•PEOPLE & BLDGS.
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
CHILE’S
GOAL: VOLCANO
DISASTER RESILIENCE
COMMUNITIES
POLICY OPTIONS
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
• PREPAREDNESS
•PROTECTION
•EARLY WARNING
•EMERGENCY RESPONSE
•RECOVERY and
RECONSTRUCTION
MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES
AND WARNING SYSTEMS ARE
A VITAL PART OF SURVIVAL.
THE KEYS TO RESILIENCE:
1) KNOW THE ERUPTIVE HISTORY OF
YOUR REGION’S VOLCANOES,
2) BE PREPARED
3) HAVE A WARNING SYSTEM
4) EVACUATE
5) LEARN FROM THE
EXPERIENCE AND START OVER
TECHNOLOGIES FOR
MONITORING, FORECASTING,
AND WARNING ARE VITAL FOR
SURVIVAL.
AIR AND LAND MONITORING
TECHNOLOGIES ARE VITAL
.