Transcript Chps 2 and 3

Take Five
 Of
all of the different types of natural
disasters, which, in your opinion, is the
most devastating and why?
Unit #1
Chps 2 & 3
Recap from Scavenger Hunt…
 Earth
is 93 million miles from the sun
 The Earth is made up of the core (iron &
nickel) surrounded by the mantle (which is
the majority of the earth’s mass).
 Alfred Wegener (1912) believed that all
the continents were once united as
PANGEA

Continental drift…slowly broke apart
Recap from Scavenger Hunt
 The

atmosphere contains oxygen
The lithosphere—sold rock portion of the
earth’s surface
• 7 continents: North America, South America,
Africa, Asia, Europe, Antarctica and Australia

The hydrosphere—the water elements of the
earth
• Atlantic, Pacific, Indian & Arctic

The biosphere—part of the earth where
plants, animals & humans live
Recap from Scavenger Hunt
 Bodies
of Water
 Hydrologic cycle: continuous circulation of
water between the atmosphere, oceans &
the earth


71% of the earth is covered by salt water
Lakes hole 95% of the world’s fresh water
• Largest lake: Lake Baikal, Russia
• Largest saltwater lake: Caspian Sea
Wally Points…
 Describe
cycle…
the process of the hydrologic
What causes earthquakes?
 Repositioning
of the earth’s tectonic plates
at a fault (fracture in the earth’s crust)
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Divergent boundary—plates move apart,
spreading horizontally
Convergent boundary—Plates collide,
causing one plate to lodge under another or
the edges to crumple together
Transform boundary—plates slide past each
other
How are earthquakes measured?
 Seismographs
detect & measure the size
of earthquakes on a Richter scale (1-10
strength of earthquakes)


8.9 has been the largest recorded earthquake
Kermadec Islands of South Pacific 1986
Can cause tsunamis
Wally Points
 How
do humans, interacting with their
environment, lessen the impact of an
earthquake?
San Francisco Earthquake, 1906
Northridge Earthquake, 1994
Northridge Earthquake, 1994
Northridge Earthquake 6.9
magnitude
 57
deaths
 4:30 am
 Response times
 Hospital and emergency facilities
 Vs…1971 Earthquake—65 deaths,
6:01am
What causes tsunami’s?
 Earthquakes
can cause a tsunami
 A tsunami can travel up to 450 MPH &
produce 50-100 foot waves
 Largest tsunami 1971 off Ryukyu Islands
near Japan—238 foot wave
2004 Phuket,Thailand Tsunami
Tsunami Deaths - 2004 Asian Tsunami
Tsunami deaths through February 9, 2005
Country Confirmed and
Presumed Deaths
Indonesia 242,347 Sri Lanka 30,957 India
16,389 Thailand 5,393 Somalia 298
Maldives 82 Malaysia 68 Myanmar 61
Tanzania 10 Bangladesh 2 Kenya 1 Total
295,608
Wally Points…
 How
is the death toll so high?
Assignment…
 From
your research, prepare a brochure
about your particular disaster (given
yesterday in class)

What causes it? What are the warning signs,
if any? Include information as examples of the
destruction and devastation from the specific
events that you have researched as evidence
to convince individuals about the dangers of
the natural phenomena. Also include how
humans can alter the affects of a natural
disaster.
Take Five
 (1)
What is an “epicenter”?
 (2) What is a “ring of fire”?
 (3) Why do you think that people continue
to live very close to active volcanoes?
What causes volcanoes?





Most volcanoes are found along tectonic plate
boundaries
Magma, gases and water from the lower portion
of the crust or mantle collect in underground
chambers and then erupt
Magma that has reached the earth’s surface is
called lava
Volcanoes are unpredictable and may be
dormant for hundreds of years
The Ring of Fire is the location of the majority of
volcanoes along the rim of the Pacific Ocean
Ring of Fire
World’s Largest Volcanoes: (1) Mount
Mazma/Crater Lake, Oregon 6000 yrs ago
(2) Mount Etna, Sicily, Italy: Has the
highest activity level in Europe
(3) Mount Vesuvius
79 AD…Pompeii
Pompeii
Wally Points…
 Are
there any indications that a volcano is
about to erupt?
 What is the difference between a volcano
and a geyser or hot spring?
What causes a hurricane?
 Hurricanes
are storms that form over
warm, tropical ocean waters
 They are called typhoons in Asia
 The “eye” or center is usually 10-20 miles
wide and has clear, calm skies, but the
winds may be moving at over 200 MPH
 Hurricanes are classified as Category 1-5
storms
What do the categories really mean?

CAT
Winds & Effects
Surge

1
74-95 mph
4-5 ft

No real damage to building structures. Damage primarily to unanchored mobile
homes, shrubbery, and trees. Also, some coastal flooding and minor pier damage.

2
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Some roofing material, door, and window damage. Considerable damage to
vegetation, mobile homes, etc. Flooding damages piers and small craft in
unprotected moorings may break their moorings.

3
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Some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings, with a minor
amount of curtain wall failures. Mobile homes are destroyed. Flooding near the
coast destroys smaller structures with larger structures damaged by floating debris.
Terrain may be flooded well inland.

4
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More extensive curtain wall failures with some complete roof structure failure on
small residences. Major erosion of beach areas. Terrain may be flooded well inland.

5

Complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings. Some complete
building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away. Flooding causes
major damage to lower floors of all structures near the shoreline. Massive
evacuation of residential areas may be required.
96-110 mph
111-130 mph
131-155 mph
155 mph+
6-8 ft
9-12 ft
13-18 ft
18 ft +
Hurricane Katrina
What causes tornadoes?
 Tornadoes
are powerful funnel shaped
columns of spiraling air
 They are unpredictable

Singapore…

Waterspout 2007
F-3 Tornado
F-4 Tornado
F-5 Tornado
Fujita Tornado Damage Scale
Developed in 1971 by T. Theodore Fujita of the University of Chicago

F0
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
SCALE
WIND ESTIMATE *** (MPH)
TYPICAL DAMAGE
< 73
Light damage. Some damage to chimneys; branches broken off trees;
shallow-rooted trees pushed over; sign boards damaged.
73-112
Moderate damage. Peels surface off roofs; mobile homes pushed off
foundations or overturned; moving autos blown off roads.
113-157
Considerable damage. Roofs torn off frame houses; mobile homes
demolished; boxcars overturned; large trees snapped or uprooted; lightobject missiles generated; cars lifted off ground.
158-206
Severe damage. Roofs and some walls torn off well-constructed houses;
trains overturned; most trees in forest uprooted; heavy cars lifted off the
ground and thrown.
207-260
Devastating damage. Well-constructed houses leveled; structures with
weak foundations blown away some distance; cars thrown and large missiles
generated.
261-318
Incredible damage. Strong frame houses leveled off foundations and swept
away; automobile-sized missiles fly through the air in excess of 100 meters
(109 yds); trees debarked; incredible phenomena will occur.
Take Five
 What
is worse—too much water or not
enough water?
What causes a blizzard?
 A heavy
snowstorm with winds of more
than 35 MPH and reduced visibility
 Can result in large snowdrifts
 Can lead to deaths of livestock as well as
humans

Largest snowfall in a given day 76 inches in
Silver Lake, Colorado
The “Blizzard of 93”—in GA???
What causes a drought?
 A long
period of time without rainfall
 Causes crop failures and reduces
watertable and other water resources
 Can also cause deaths in livestock for lack
of food and water
 Dust storms can occur along with a
drought

Dust Bowl during the Great Depression
(1930s) is one of the more severe droughts in
America
What causes flooding?
 When
precipitation is not able to be
absorbed into the earth due to heavy
rainfall (as in the case of flash floods) or
streams or rivers become engorged and
water levels rise above and out of the
banks
In Class Assignment--** Should
take about 20-30 min**
 Using
printer paper create a thematic map
of weather patterns illustrating which areas
of America are prone to hurricanes,
tornadoes, blizzards, earthquakes &
volcanoes—include a legend (the map
does not have to be perfect)
 When you are finished, this will go into
your portfolio
Take Five
 (1)
What is the difference between
mechanical and chemical weathering?
 (2) What agents can break apart rocks?
Other external forces shaping the
earth
 Weathering:
physical and chemical
processes that change the characteristics
of rock


Mechanical weathering—breaking rock into
smaller pieces—does not change the
composition of the rock
Chemical weathering—when rock is
transformed into a new substance as a result
of the interaction between elements in the
air/water and the minerals in the rock
Other external forces shaping the
earth
 The
effects of erosion: weathered
materials are moved by actions of wind,
water, ice or gravity
 Erosion may create new landforms or
move existing landforms
Types of Erosion
 Water
erosion: through the force of the
water, riverbanks, lakes, stream banks etc,
may erode the rock and sediment from the
shore causing the body of water to
become wider and deeper

Sometimes the sediment and rock that is
picked up from the banks and shores of rivers
may be deposited in a fan-like landform called
a delta
Water erosion (con’t)
 Waves
may also erode the beaches or
build up sediment deposits to create
sandbars or islands
Beach Erosion
Wind Erosion
 Winds
that reach at least 11 MPH move
fine sediment (loess) from one location to
the next
 Dust storms are perfect examples of wind
erosion
Glaciations
 Erosion
of landforms through slow moving
glaciers
 Glacier movement can create valleys and
ridges (moraine)
 Chunks of ice may be lodged in sediment
causing depressions or kettles that turn
into lakes when the ice melts
 Glaciers may also have tunnels running
under them formed by running water
Glaciations
Wally Points…
 How
can humans slow down the erosion
process?
Take Five
 (1)
Give an example of each type of
precipitation…
 (2) What does “convection” refer to?
 (3) What are the 3 zones of latitude?
 (4) What is the difference between El Nino
& La Nina?
 (5) What is the “greenhouse” effect?
Answers:
 (2)
Convection = the transfer to heat in the
atmosphere by the upward motion of air
 (3) Low/tropical, middle/temperate, &
high/polar
 (4) * El Nino=warming of the waters off the
west coast of S America * La Nina-Winds
blowing the warmer water to the lands on
the western Pacific rim
 (5) greenhouse effect=global temperature
increases
Building the soil

Soil = the loose mixture of weathered rock,
organic matter (humus), air and water that
supports plant growth
 5 Factors to soil:
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Parent material—chemical composition of original
rock
Relief-mountainsides do not erode and do not create
Organisms-Plants, small animals that decompose
material
Climate-hot climates produce different types of soil
density than wet climates
Time—approx. 2.5 cubic centimeters of soil is created
per century
What causes the seasons & the
weather?
 Seasons
are caused by the earth’s
rotation & revolution around the sun
 Equinox marks the beginning of a new
season
 Weather is the condition of the
atmosphere in relation to the distance of
the earth to the sun as well as water
vapor; cloud cover; landforms & bodies of
water; elevation & air movement
Recap from Take Five…

What are the types of precipitation?
 Convectional—mostly hot climates—warm air
rises, water vapor condenses & water droplets
form into clouds
 Orographic—mostly mountainous regions,
precipitation falls on the windward side of the
mountain and creates a rain shadow (b/c
receives little rain)
 Frontal—cold dense air masses that push lighter
warm air masses upward causing precipitation
Take Five
 What
is the difference between weather &
climate?
 What are the climate regions?
 What is a biome?
 What are the four types of biomes?
 Using the climograph on page 64 answer
questions 1, 2 & 3
Vegetation
 Ecosystem=plants
& animals that are
connected to each other
 Ecosystem of a region= biome

Forest, grassland, desert & tundra
Biomes…

Forestlands
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Grasslands-flat, grassy, few trees
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Deciduous trees-broadleaf trees-maple, oak, birch &
cottonwood
Coniferous-cone bearing-pine, fir & cedar
Mixed forest or rainforest
Tropical=savanna
Northern Hemisphere=steppe (prairie)
Southern Hemisphere=pampas
Desert & Tundra-extreme climates (hot or cold)
Assignment (Place in portfolio
notebook)
 Complete
the Chp 3 Assessment on pg
68-69—Do not complete (1) Section A—
places & terms, Question #8 under Main
Ideas, (2) GeoActivity or (3) Internet
Activity