Transcript Wybrane działy fizyki

Wybrane działy fizyki
Renewable energy
Odnawialne źródła energii
Źródło: Wikipedia
Renewable energy is energy which comes from
natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides,
and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally
replenished (uzupełniać)).
Odnawialne źródła energii – źródła energii,
których używanie nie wiąże się z długotrwałym
ich deficytem, ich zasób odnawia się w krótkim
czasie.
Renewable energy
Energia wodna
Energia słoneczna
Energia wiatrowa
Energia pływów morskich
i energia cieplna oceanów
Biomasa
Energia geotermalna
Hydroelectricity
Solar energy
Wind power
Tidal power, Wave power,
Ocean thermal energy
conversion (OTEC)
Biomass (Biofuel, Biogas)
Geothermal energy
A conventional dammed-hydro facility
Hydroelectricity
(udogodnienie; urządzenie) (hydroelectric dam) is the
Hydropower, hydraulic most common type of hydroelectric power generation.
power, hydrokinetic
power or water power
- is power that is
derived from the force
or energy of moving
water,
which may be harnessed
(zaprzęgać,
wykorzystywać) for
useful purposes.
nabór
rurociąg zasilający
Prior to (przed) the development of electric power, hydropower was
used for irrigation (nawadnianie), and operation of various machines,
such as watermills (młyn wodny), textile machines, sawmills (tartak),
dock cranes (dźwig portowy), and domestic lifts (winda domowa).
Grand Coulee Dam is a hydroelectric gravity dam on the
Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington.
The dam supplies four power stations with an installed
capacity of 6,809 MW and is the largest electric powerproducing facility in the United States.
Wind power
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy
into a useful form of energy, such as:
- using wind turbines to make electricity,
Wind Turbines located outside
of Palm Springs, California
- windmills for mechanical power,
- windpumps for water pumping or drainage (odwadnianie),
- or sails (żeglować) to propel (napędziać) ships.
The total amount of economically extractable power available from
the wind is considerably (znaczny) more than present power use
from all sources.
Wind power, as an alternative to fossil fuels (paliwo kopalniane), is
plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, and produces no
greenhouse gas emissions during operation, and the cost per unit of
energy produced is similar to the cost for new coal and natural gas
installations.
Monocrystalline solar cell.
Solar energy
Solar energy is the energy derived
from the sun through the form of solar radiation.
Solar powered (napędzany) electrical
generation relies on photovoltaics and heat
engines (silnik).
Solar technologies are broadly
characterized as either passive
solar or active solar depending on
the way they capture (wychwytać),
convert and distribute solar energy.
Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar
thermal collectors to harness the energy.
Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun,
selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing
properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
Biomass
Biomass (plant material) is a renewable energy source because the
energy it contains comes from the sun.
Through the process of photosynthesis, plants capture the sun's energy.
When the plants are burnt, they release the sun's energy they contain.
In this way, biomass functions as a sort of natural battery for storing
solar energy.
In general there are two main approaches to using plants for energy
production: growing plants specifically for energy use, and using the
residues from plants that are used for other things. The best approaches
vary from region to region according to climate, soils and geography.
Brazil has bioethanol made from sugarcane available
throughout the country.
Shown a typical Petrobras gas station at São Paulo with dual fuel
service, marked A for alcohol (ethanol) and G for gasoline.
Mapa Odnawialnych Źródeł
Energii w Polsce
Moc - cała Polska ( MW)
Wiatr 553 = 100%
Biomasa 232 = 100%
Biogaz 65 = 100%
Woda
944 = 100%
Źródło: Opracowanie PSEW (Polskie Stowarzyszenie Energetyki Wiatrowej) na
podstawie danych URE (Urząd Regulacji Energetyki). Procentowe rozmieszczenie
mocy technologii OZE (Odnawialne Źródła Energii) w poszczególnych
województwach Polski. Stan na 31.06.2009.
Energia wiatru
Administracyjna mapa
Polski z średniorocznym
rozdziałem
napromieniowania
słonecznego (w kWh/m2
na płaszczyznę poziomą)
1. 950 kWh/m2
2. 962 kWh/m2
3. 985 kWh/m2
4. 1076 - 1081 kWh/m2
Elektrownie wodne
Tidal power
Tidal power, also called tidal energy,
- is a form of hydropower that converts
the energy of tides into useful forms of
power - mainly electricity.
Tidal power is extracted from the Earth's
oceanic tides; tidal forces are periodic
variations in gravitational attraction exerted
by celestial bodies (ciał niebieskich).
These forces create corresponding motions or
currents in the world's oceans. The magnitude
and character of this motion reflects the
changing positions of the Moon and Sun
relative to the Earth, the effects of Earth's
rotation, and local geography of the sea floor
and coastlines.
Variation of tides over a day
Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy is energy obtained
by trapping (pułapkowanie) the heat of
the earth itself, both from kilometers deep
into the Earth's crust in volcanically
active locations of the globe or from
shallow depths, as in geothermal heat
pumps in most locations of the planet.
Krafla Geothermal Station
in northeast Iceland
It is expensive to build a power station but operating costs are low
resulting in low energy costs for suitable sites.
Ultimately (ostatecznie), this energy derives from (wywodzić się z)
heat in the Earth's core.
Ocean thermal energy
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the difference between
cooler deep and warmer shallow or surface ocean waters to run a heat
engine and produce useful work, usually in the form of electricity.
A heat engine gives greater efficiency and power when run with a
large temperature difference. In the oceans the temperature
difference between surface and deep water is greatest in the tropics,
although still a modest 20oC to 25oC. It is therefore in the tropics
that OTEC offers the greatest possibilities. OTEC has the potential
to offer global amounts of energy that are 10 to 100 times greater
than other ocean energy options such as wave power[citation
needed]. OTEC plants can operate continuously providing a base
load supply for an electrical power generation system.
OTEC diagram and applications