Transcript What is Oil? - Botaş International Limited

WHAT IS OIL?
Petroleum (from Greek petra – rock and
elaion – oil or Latin oleum – oil)
Crude oil is a black, dark brown or greenish
liquid found in porous rock formations in the
earth.
The American Petroleum Institute, in
its Manual of Petroleum Measurement
Standards (MPMS), defines it as "a
BUTANE
substance, generally liquid, occurring
naturally in the earth and composed
mainly of mixtures of chemical compounds
of carbon and hydrogen with or without other nonmetallic elements such as sulfur,
oxygen, and nitrogen."
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WHERE DOES OIL COME FROM?
Biogenic Theory
Most geologists view crude oil, like coal and natural gas, as the product of
compression and heating of ancient organic materials over geological time.
Petroleum is found in porous rock formations in the upper strata of some areas of
the Earth's crust.
It consists of a complex
mixture of various
hydrocarbons, largely of
the alkane series, but
may vary much in
appearance and
composition.
An Oil Rig (Left), a typical oil reservoir (Right).
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WHAT IS POROSITY?
Oil is found in small pores of sedimentary
rocks. (Limestones, Sandstones)
A pore, in general, is some form of
opening, usually very small. Pores can be
found on many organisms, such as in plants,
animals, and humans.
In geology, pores refer to the open space
within a rock.
Porosity [%] = Pore Volume / Total Rock Volume
Thin section images of porous media.
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WHAT IS PERMEABILITY?
In geology, permeability is a measure of the ability of a material
(typically, a rock or unconsolidated alluvial material) to transmit
fluids through it. It is of great importance in determining the flow
characteristics of hydrocarbons in oil and gas reservoirs, and of
groundwater in aquifers.
The usual unit for permeability is the Darcy, or more commonly
the milli-darcy or md (1 darcy 10−12m²).
Henry Philibert Gaspard Darcy
(June 10, 1803 - January 3, 1858)
The darcy is defined using Darcy's Law which can be written as:
κ is the permeability of a medium
v is the superficial (or bulk) fluid flow rate
through the medium
μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid
ΔP is the applied pressure difference
Δx is the thickness of the medium
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HOW DO WE PRODUCE OIL?
A drilling rig is a structure housing equipment
used to drill for water, oil, natural gas from
underground reservoirs or to obtain mineral
core samples.
First Oil Well in Titusville PA, by Colonel Drake, 1879
Elements of an Oil Rig
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WHERE DO WE PROCESS OIL?
An oil refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and
refined into useful petroleum products, such as gasoline and diesel fuel.
Products of an Oil Refinery
•
•
•
•
• Kerosene
Asphalt
• Tar
• Liquid
Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Diesel
fuel
• Lubricating
oils
Fuel
oils
• Paraffin wax
Gasoline
View of Shell Oil Refinery in Martinez, California
Distillation Tower
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HOW DO WE TRANSPORT OIL?
Pipeline transport is a transportation of goods through a pipe. Most commonly,
liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes that transport solid capsules using
compressed air have also been used.
As for gases and liquids, any chemically stable substance
can be sent through a pipeline. Therefore sewage, slurry,
water, or even beer pipelines exist; but arguably the most
important are those transporting oil and natural gas. Often
these pipelines are inspected and cleaned using pipeline
inspection gauges ("pigs").
An elevated section of the Alaska Pipeline.
A pig image
Turkey section of BTC Crude Oil Pipeline.
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