Transcript APES Review Part 1

APES Review Part 1
The Earth In Context
The Earth Around
the Sun
Impact of Earth Rotation and
Axis Tilt on Climate
The Earth’s Layers
Plate Tectonics
Geologic Processes
Shifting of the Crust: - crust is broken up
into large plates
Plate Boundaries
1. Divergent: move away from each other –
create a ridge or trench that may allow
magma from the mantle to flow upward
Plate Boundaries
2. Convergent: plates ram into one another
- may push each other up and form mountains
- one plate may be forced under the other in a
process called subduction –
Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics
3. Transform Plates: plates slide past one
another = earthquakes
produce seismic waves – energy of the
vibrations of the shifting plates moving
through the land
Plate Tectonics
Transform Plates
Earthquakes
begins far below the surface at the focus
which is directly beneath the epicenter –
the point at the top of the earth’s crust
above the focus
– severity is measured on the Richter scale
–
Volcano Formation
1.
2.
3.
Subduction
Thin spots in crust
Hot spots in mantle
Types of Rock
1.
Igneous – from the cooling of
magma (lava)
Ex: obsidian, granite, pumice
Igneous Rock
Types of Rock
2.
Sedimentary – form by the compaction
of smaller bits of eroded rock or deposited
material
Ex: limestone, diotomecious earth
Sedimentary Rock
Sedimentary Rock
Types of Rock
3.
Metamorphic – rock that is changed
because it is in a new environment usually due
to subduction – becomes exposed to heat and
pressure and rearranges the way the rock is
organized
Ex: Limestone  Marble
Metamorphic Rock
Rock Cycle
Soil Formation
Soil Formation
Soil Composition
Cation Exchange
Soil Erosion
Wind
Precipitation
Monoculture
Deforestation
Farming Techniques
Soil Conservation
Farming Techniques
Crop Rotation
Wind Barriers
Erosion Barriers
The Atmosphere
Greenhouse Effect
Climate and Air Circulation
Patterns
Convection Cell
Rain Shadow
Wind and Water - ENSO
Normal Years
Wind and Water ENSO
WATER Cycle
Aquatic Biomes
Streams and Rivers
Estuaries
Marshes and Swamps
Oceans:
- pelagic, benthic, coral reefs, intertidal
zones
Stratification in Aquatic Biomes
Intertidal zone
Neritic zone
Littoral
zone
Limnetic
zone
0
Oceanic zone
Photic zone
200 m
Continental
shelf
Pelagic
zone
Benthic
zone
Photic
zone
Aphotic
zone
Pelagic
zone
Benthic
zone
Aphotic
zone
2,500–6,000 m
Abyssal zone
(deepest regions of ocean floor)
(a) Zonation in a lake. The lake environment is generally classified on the basis
of three physical criteria: light penetration (photic and aphotic zones),
distance from shore and water depth (littoral and limnetic zones), and
whether it is open water (pelagic zone) or bottom (benthic zone).
Figure 50.16a, b
(b) Marine zonation. Like lakes, the marine environment is generally
classified on the basis of light penetration (photic and aphotic zones),
distance from shore and water depth (intertidal, neritic, and oceanic
zones), and whether it is open water (pelagic zone) or bottom (benthic
and abyssal zones).
Lakes and Ponds
LAKES
Figure 50.17
An oligotrophic lake in
Grand Teton, Wyoming
A eutrophic lake in Okavango
delta, Botswana
Oligotrophic vs. Eutrophic
 Oligo - little or few nutrients - low productivity due
to few producers - high oxygen content - few
organisms - clean and clear
 Eu - nutrient rich - high productivity due to high
number of producers - low oxygen content - many
organisms - murky water
 Mesotrophic - an oligo that is becoming a eu - due
to influx of extra nutrients - usually due to erosion,
run off of fertilizers from agriculture or animal poo extra nutrients increase the activity of the producers
 Eutrophication:
http://www.eoearth.org/article/Eutrophication
Lakes
Are sensitive to seasonal temperature change
Experience seasonal turnover
2 In spring, as the sun melts the ice, the surface water warms to 4°C
and sinks below the cooler layers immediately below, eliminating the
thermal stratification. Spring winds mix the water to great depth,
bringing oxygen (O2) to the bottom waters (see graphs) and
nutrients to the surface.
Lake depth (m)
In winter, the coldest water in the lake (0°C) lies just
below the surface ice; water is progressively warmer at
deeper levels of the lake, typically 4–5°C at the bottom.
O2 (mg/L)
0
4
Spring
Winter
8
12
8
16
2
4
4
4
4C
24
O2 concentration
0
Lake depth (m)
1
O2 (mg/L)
0
4 8
12
8
16
4
4
4
4
4
4C
24
High
Medium
O2 (mg/L)
0
8
12
8
16
24
4
4
Autumn
4
4
4
4C
4
In autumn, as surface water cools rapidly, it sinks below the
underlying layers, remixing the water until the surface begins
to freeze and the winter temperature profile is reestablished.
4
Thermocline
3
22
20
18
8
6
5
4C
Summer
Lake depth (m)
Lake depth (m)
Low
O2 (mg/L)
0
4
8
12
8
16
24
In summer, the lake regains a distinctive thermal profile, with
warm surface water separated from cold bottom water by a narrow
vertical zone of rapid temperature change, called a thermocline.
Importance: Seasonal Turnover Brings Oxygen from the Surface to
the Benthic Detrivores and Returns the Nutrients of the Decomposed
Detritus (dead stuff) to the Surface for the Producers
Wetlands: Swamps and Marshes
WETLANDS
Okefenokee National Wetland Reserve in Georgia
Wetlands
 Marsh vs. Swamp: Swamps have trees
 Characteristics: soil is waterlogged and without
oxygen for variable periods of time - lack of O2
causes a large build up of organic material
 IMPORTANCE: Most biologically productive per
square meter, filter water moving through them detoxify water, control flooding
Streams and rivers
STREAMS AND RIVERS
Figure 50.17
A headwater stream in the
Great Smoky Mountains
The Mississippi River far
form its headwaters
Streams and Rivers
Characteristics: Flowing water
IMPORTANCE: Water source, hydroelectric power,
transportation
Estuaries
ESTUARIES
Figure 50.17 An estuary in a low coastal plain of Georgia
Estuaries
Characteristics: Where freshwater rivers meet the ocean - mixing
of fresh and salt water - salinity fluctuates - plants and animals
must be adapted - highly productive due to nutrient input from
river, frequent mixing of water by ocean tides (circulates
nutrients and waste) and large photic zone
IMPORTANCE: control flooding- prevent wave surges from
reaching inland - highly productive
Intertidal zones
INTERTIDAL ZONES
Figure 50.17
Rocky intertidal zone on the Oregon coast
Intertidal Zones
Characteristics: Transition between land and
ocean - experience daily extremes of salinity,
oxygen content and temperature due to
changing tide
IMPORTANCE: Biologically productive,
species rich
Oceanic pelagic biome
OCEANIC PELAGIC BIOME
Figure 50.17 Open ocean off the island of Hawaii
Ocean Pelagic Biome
Characteristics: Open ocean, about 3% salt content
Vegetation: mainly photoplankton and algae, some
sea grass and kelp
Animals: zooplankton, fish, jellyfish, whales, porpoises,
sea turtles, penguins
IMPORTANCE: Most productive biome due to size (not
per m2), food source (fish)
OVERFISHING - Regulation?
Coral reefs
CORAL REEFS
Figure 50.17
A coral reef in the Red Sea
Coral Reefs
Characteristics: Mounds of calcium carbonate secreted by coral,
shallow, warm waters, nutrient poor
Vegetation: Algae (Zooxanthelle)
Symbiosis: Coral and Zooxanthelle
Animals: Coral, huge numbers of fishes, echinoderms, shellfish
(8% of fish species in 0.1% of earth)
IMPORTANCE: Biodiversity of Species, Very productive
DANGERS: Human pollution, river runoff (excess sediment and
nutrients), over fishing
Marine benthic zone
MARINE BENTHIC ZONE
Figure 50.17 A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community
Marine Benthic Zone
Characteristics: Bottom of the Ocean, may be in a
photic zone in the shallows
Neritic Zone: Shallow benthic zone, PHOTIC, supports
plant life (sea grass and kelp) and a wide variety of
fish and invertebrates
Abyssal Zone: APHOTIC - deepest part of sea - no
vegetation - hydrothermal vents
Animals: Decomposers, Very weird fish, tube
worms, chemosynthetic bacteria
IMPORTANCE: Decomposition of dead materials,
recycling on nutrients
Ocean Currents
Water Use
How do we use the world's fresh water?
S 65% – irrigate farm land (agriculture)
S 25% – energy production
S 10% – domestic and municipal use
Humans and Other Species
-
loss of habitat
Habitat fragmentation
Habitat degradation
Threatened Species
Endangered Species
ESA
Resources
Consumption
Conservation
Preservation
Sustainable
Renewable
Non-renewable
Agriculture
Traditional
Slash and Burn
Green Revolution: Good or Bad?
Fertilizers and Pesticides
Irrigation
GMO
Monoculture
Soil Degradation
Overgrazing
Deforestation
Oceans
Overfishing
By-catch
Drift nets
Long Lining
Bottom Trawling
Long Line Fishing
Drift Nets
Bottom Trawling
Mining
Metallic Minerals
Smelting
Tailings
Soil Runoff
Water Pollution
Economics and The
Environment
Cost - Benefit Analysis
Remediation vs. Abatement