Transcript LECTURE 26 (Dairy calf and heifer nutrition)x

LECTURE 26
FEEDING CALVES AND
REPLACEMENT HEIFERS
pp. 442-446
GOALS IN NUTRITION OF CALVES AND
REPLACEMENT HEIFERS
• Maintain animal health
• Have the heifer enter the milking herd between 22
and 24 months (or earlier???)
– Must reach target weights
•
•
•
•
To reach puberty
To maximize lifetime milk production
To rebreed at 80 days into first lactation
Target weights
– Age, months
Weight, % of mature wt
13-15
55
22-24
82 (Holsteins: 55 inches tall)
36
92
• Prevent excessive fatness
– Particularly from 3 to 9 months
– Causes fat deposition in mammary gland
• Can be prevented by increasing metabolizable protein
concentration of the diet
• Control feed costs
RETURN ON INVESTMENT FROM
REPLACEMENT HEIFERS
Birth
2 years
1st
Calving
2nd
Calving
3rd Calving
Investment
Return on Investment
Positive
Negative Balance
Balance
+
0
--
Delayed (i.e,., lower)
return on investment.
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22
24 26 28 30 32 34 36
38 40 42 44
46 48 50 52
Age (month)
U of Wisconsin
Delayed 1st calving
http://www.extension.org/pages/Heifer_Economics (May 2009)
PHASES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
DIGESTION IN CALVES
• Preruminant
– Must be fed as a nonruminant
– Liquid diet
• Transition
– 4 to 8 weeks age
– Diet dependent
• Functional ruminant
– After 4 to 8 weeks
CHANGES IN TRANSITION FROM
PRERUMINANT TO RUMINANT
•
•
•
•
•
Absorption
Function of the reticular groove
Enzyme activity
Volume and absorptive capacity
Development of rumen microbial population
CHANGES IN ABSORPTION IN CALF
• Newborn calf has no antibodies
– Obtains maternal antibodies (immunoglobulins)
from consumption of colostrum
ABSORPTION OF COLOSTRUM ANTIBODIES
• High at birth
– Absorbed whole by phagocytosis
– Low proteolytic activity
• Low at 24 hours
– Small intestinal epithelium closes
– Proteolytic activity increases
– Factors affecting efficiency of antibody absorption
• Age at first feeding
• Concentration of immunoglobulins
• Method of feeding
– Nipple pail > nursing
• Respiratory or metabolic acid
– Dystocia
COLOSTRUM MANAGEMENT
• Feed a minimum of 2 quarts of colostrum in
two feedings during first 12 hours
– Should supply 100 gm IgG
– Should contain > 50 gm/L
• Antibody additives can be used to increase IgG
– Sources
• Dam
• Frozen
• Need to attain 10 gm IgG/L blood serum
FUNCTION OF THE
RETICULAR GROOVE
• Two lips of tissue that directly transfer milk
from esophagus to abomasum
• Stimuli
– Suckling
– Milk proteins
• Efficiency of milk transfer
– Equal in nipple and bucket-fed calves until 8
weeks
– Better in nipple-fed calves than bucket-bed calves
after 8 weeks of age
• Advantages of nipple feeding
– Sigmoidal position of neck
– Rate and pattern of milk consumption
– Increased saliva flow
CHANGES IN DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
IMPLICATIONS OF CHANGES IN DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
Ingredient
Nutrient
Desirable
(Particularly first 3
weeks)
Acceptable
Undesirable
Protein
Dried skimmilk
Dried buttermilk
Spray-dried whey
Delactosed whey
Spray-dried plasma
Soy protein isolate
Wheat protein isolate
Dried eggs
Red blood cell protein
Soy flour
Meat solubles
Fish protein
concentrate
Wheat flour
Carbohydrates
Dried skimmilk
Dried buttermilk
Spray-dried whey
--
Wheat flour
Corn starch
Sucrose
Fats
Butterfat
Lard
Choice white
grease
Tallow
Soy oil
Palm oil
Coconut oil (Can’t be
fed alone)
--
CONSEQUENCES OF FEEDING LOW QUALITY
MILK REPLACERS
• Reduced growth rate
• Scours
– Poor protein quality results in alkaline feces
– Poor carbohydrate quality or excess lactose
results in acidic feces
CHANGES IN VOLUME OF THE
COMPARTMENTS OF THE CALF’S STOMACH
Birth
Reticulum,%
Rumen,%
Omasum,%
25
Abomasum,%
Total,
5
6 weeks
After weaning
10
5
60
10
5
80
8
60
25
7
100
100
100
U of Wisconsin
EFFECTS OF DIET ON RUMEN VOLUME
• Feeding hay
– Increases the rate of increase in rumen volume
– Does NOT affect mature rumen volume
• Implications
– Feeding forage by itself to calves before weaning
is questionable
EFFECTS OF DIET ON DEVELOPMENT OF
RUMEN EPITHELIUM AND PAPILLAE
• VFA metabolism in rumen epithelium
Rumen epithelium
Rumen
Carbohydrate
fermentation
–
oxygen
Butyric acid
Acetoacetate
(ketone)
Effects
• Stimulates blood flow
• Stimulates DNA synthesis
Stimulates epithelial
and papillae growth
• Implications
– Offer starter grain to calves at 1 week of age
– Starter grain consumption should be 1.5 lb/day
before weaning
– Coarse grinding and addition of a small amount of
ground forage ensures normal papillae development
EFFECTS OF STARTER COMPOSITION ON RUMEN
EPITHELIUM AND PAPILLAE STRUCTURE
Development of rumen microflora
• At birth, rumen contains no microorganisms
• Normal development pattern
Appear
5-8 hours
½ week
½ week
½ week
1 week
1 week
3 weeks
-
Peak
4 days
Organisms
E. Coli, Clostridium welchii
Streptococcus bovis
3 weeks
Lactobacilli
5 weeks
Lactic-acid utilizing bacteria
6 weeks
Amylolytic bacteria
6 to 10 weeks Cellulolytic and Methanogenic
bacteria
12 weeks
Proteolytic bacteria
5 to 9 weeks Protozoa
9 to 13 weeks Normal microbial population
FACTORS AFFECTING ESTABLISHMENT OF
RUMEN MICROBIAL POPULATION
•
Presence of the organisms
• Normal population of bacteria and protozoa is established
by animal-to-animal contact between ruminant and
preruminant animals
• Bacteria will still establish if calves are kept separate from
mature animals.
•
•
Protozoa will not
Favorable environment for growth
• Presence of substrates
• Favorable ruminal pH
• Implications
• Offer coarse starter grain to calf at 1 week of age
• Use of microbial inoculants is ineffective to early
establishment of rumen microbial population.
FEEDING PROGRAM FOR REPLACEMENT DAIRY HEIFERS
DAY 0 to 3
• Feed 2 quarts of colostrum in two feedings in
first 12 hours
• Feed colostrum at 8 to 10% of calf body
weight/day
FEEDING PROGRAM FOR REPLACEMENT DAIRY HEIFERS
DAY 4 to 35-56
• Feed milk or milk replacer
– Feed at 8 to 10% of calf’s body weight
– Liquid feed options
• Milk
– Cost/day = $1.74 (4/2013)
• Milk replacer
– Cost/day = $1.50 to 1.80 (4/2013)
– Mix 1 part replacer/8 parts water
– Composition
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20-22% CP
10-20% Fat (Lecithin added as emulsifier)
40-45% Lactose
Max. of 0.15% Crude fiber
1.00% Ca
0.70% P
Other macro and trace minerals
20,000 Vit. A/lb
1,320 IU Vit. D/lb
110 IU Vit. E/lb
B vitamins
Can contain coccidiostats ( Decoquinate/Lasalocid)
and antiobiotics (Oxytetracyline/Chlortetracyline)
– Use desirable or acceptable ingredients
RECOMMENDED MINERAL AND B VITAMIN
CONCENTRATIONS IN MILK REPLACERS (DM basis)
Minerals
B vitamins
Mg, %
0.07
Thiamin, mg/kg
6.5
Na,%
0.40
Riboflavin, mg/kg
6.5
K, %
0.65
Pyridoxine, mg/kg
6.5
Cl, %
0.25
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg
13.0
Fe, mg/kg
100
Niacin, mg/kg
10.0
Mn, mg/kg
40
Biotin, mg/kg
0.10
Zn, mg/kg
40
Folic acid, mg/kg
0.50
Cu, mg/kg
10
Vitamin B12, mg/kg
0.07
I, mg/kg
0.50
Choline, mg/kg
1,000
Co, mg/kg
0.11
Se, mg/kg
0.30
• Fermented colostrum
– Cow produces enough colostrum in first 11 milkings to
meet at least ½ of calf’s total nutrient needs to weaning
– Preserve in plastic container
– Store at 40-80oF
– May add 1% propionic acid in warm weather
– Add daily with stirring
– Keep for 4 weeks
– Do not add milk from cows treated with antibiotics
– Dilute with 1 part water to 2 or 3 parts of colostrum
• Nonsaleable milk
– Do not feed milk from cows shedding pathogens
associated with Johne’s or BVD
– Do not feed milk that is bloody or unusual in appearance
– House calves receiving nonsaleable milk individually
– Pasteurize milk before feeding
– Observe antibiotic withholding periods if calves fed milk
from antibiotic-treated cows
• Offer starter grain at 1 week
– Composition
• 15 to 20% CP
– All natural protein
– Rumen undegradable protein, 33% of CP
– No NPN
• NEm, 2.46 Mcal/kg DM
• NEg, 1.78 Mcal/kg DM
• 80% TDN
• 3% Fat
• 13% NDF
• 12% ADF
• .70% Ca
• 0.45% P
• 8,800 IU vit. A/lb DM
• 1,320 IU vit. D/lb DM
• 55 IU vit. E/lb DM
– Physical form
–
–
–
–
• Coarsely ground
Palatable
Provide daily and keep fresh
Consumption must be 1.5 lb/d at weaning
Increase starter consumption to 4 lb/d and maintain to 16
weeks
RECOMMENDED MINERAL CONCENTRATIONS
IN STARTER GRAINS (DM basis)
Minerals
Mg, %
0.10
Na,%
0.15
K, %
0.65
Cl, %
0.20
Fe, mg/kg
50
Mn, mg/kg
40
Zn, mg/kg
40
Cu, mg/kg
10
I, mg/kg
0.25
Co, mg/kg
0.10
Se, mg/kg
0.30
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS IN NUTRITION
OF PREWEANED DAIRY CALVES
• Forage
– Hay
• Small quantities may be offered starting at 1 week
– If not, small quantity of ground hay may be added to
starter
– Limit to maximize starter intake
– Silage
• Don’t offer until at least 3 months of age
• Water
– Free choice after 1 week
• Salt
– Free choice
FEEDING PROGRAM FOR REPLACEMENT DAIRY HEIFERS
Weaning to Lactation
Target weights, lb
Age, mo
Holstein
Ayrshire
Guernsey
Jersey
Birth
96
72
66
56
1
118
98
90
72
2
161
132
122
102
4
272
236
217
181
6
396
340
304
277
12
714
583
549
520
15
805
703
640
585
18
912
781
727
660
21
1025
885
816
740
IMPORTANCE OF TARGET WEIGHTS IN DAIRY
HEIFERS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Underfeeding
Delayed puberty
Increased maintenance
costs
Delayed economic
return
Prolonged generation
time
Smaller cows at calving
Increased calving
difficulty
Reduced first lactation
milk production
Overfeeding
• Fat infiltration of mammary
gland
– Reduced lifetime milk
production
– Can be prevented by
increasing metabolizable
protein concentration of diet.
Maintain a NE:MP ratio.
• Earlier puberty
• If bred early age
– More calving difficulties
– Less milk production in first 2
lactations
– Earlier economic returns
• If bred at normal age
– Increased calving difficulties
ENERGY, PROTEIN, AND FIBER
REQUIREMENTS OF REPLACEMENT
HEIFERS
Nutrient
3-6 Months
6-12 Months
Greater than
12 Months
Crude Protein
16%
14%
12%
Fat
3%
3%
3%
Crude Fiber
13%
15%
15%
A.D.F.
16%
19%
19%
N.D.F.
23%
25%
25%
NEm
.77 Mcal/lb.
.72
.63
NEg
.49 Mcal./lb.
.44
.37
T.DN
69%
66%
61%
MINERAL AND VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS OF DAIRY HEIFERS
Nutrient
3-6 Months
Calcium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Choride
Manganese,
ppm
Cobalt, ppm
Copper, ppm
Iodine, ppm
Iron, ppm
Zinc, ppm
Selenium,
ppm
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Potassium
Sulfur
.52%
.31%
.10%
.20%
Greater
6-12 Months than 12
Months
.41%
.29%
.30%
.23%
.10%
.10%
.20%
.20%
40
40
40
.1
10
.25
50
40
.1
10
.25
50
40
.1
10
.25
50
40
.3
.3
.3
1,000 IU/lb.
140 IU/lb.
11 IU/lb.
.65%
.16%
1,000
140
11
.65%
.16%
1,000
140
11
.65%
.16%
SATISFACTORY PROGRAM FOR DEVELOPING HEIFERS
Age, mo
Weight,
lb
DM
intake,
lb/d
Forage:
grain
ratio
CP,
% DM
TDN,
% DM
Weaning
130
1-2
0:100
15-18
75
2
160
4-5
25:75
15
70-75
3
220
6-7
50:50
15
70
6
400
10-11
67:33
14
66-68
9
550
14-16
75:25
12
65
12
720
16-18
75:25
12
60-65
15
875
18-20
100:0
12
60-65
18
1040
23
100:0
12
60-65
21
1200
28
100:0
12
60-65
24
1360
33
80:20
12
65
MANAGING POSTWEANING NUTRITION OF
REPLACEMENT HEIFERS
• Weaning to breeding
– Feed grain at 4-6 lb/day and allow increasing forage intake to
adjust forage:grain ratio
• Leave on starter grain until 4 months of age
– Place on lactating cow grain thereafter
• Assumes good quality forage fed ad libitum.
– Do not feed silage prior to 3 months of age
• Rumen undegradable protein should be 35 to 40% of the
crude protein to improve conception rates
– Rumen undegradable lysine and methionine also beneficial
• Monensin or lasalocid at 50 to 200 mg/day will improve
growth rate
• Breeding to 6 wk prior to lactation
– Maintain BW gains of 1.6 to 1.8 lb/day
– Ensure CP needs met
• Rumen undegradable protein not necessary
• NPN sources could be used according to directions
– Program
• Good to premium quality forage
– Could be hay or haylage with or without corn silage
» Do not feed corn silage as sole forage
– No grain necessary
• Fair quality forage
– Supplement with 2 to 3 lb grain/day
• 6 wk prior to lactation to freshening
– Feed lactation grain mix up to 1% BW
– Feed same silage fed to lactating herd
– Feed some premium to supreme quality long
hay.