Transcript Water Conditioning

CHEMICAL
PROCESS
INDUSTRIES-1
Guided By:
Dr.Swati Sharma
Prof.Anshul Sharma
Prepared By :
Modi Vatsal D (140420105035 )
Mistry Nikhil S (140420105031)
Panchal Pratik (140420105037)
Panchal Bhavik (140420105036)
Modi Ronak (140420105034)
Modi Krishil (140420105033)
Modi Harsh (140420105032)
CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)
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Water conditioning is a method of removing or altering minerals,
chemicals and contaminants from a water source.
• Water conditioning counteracts hardness in water to prevent a build
up of lime scale.
• Although water conditioning is technically a broader term for any
process that changes the characteristics of water, it is also widely
used to mean water softening.
• Water conditioning may also be used when referring to water
filtration or purification to improve the taste and potability of
drinking water.
Most water is conditioned for human consumption, but water
purification may also be utilized for a variety of other purposes, such
as industrial applications.
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Boiling
Sunlight Exposure
Chlorination
Flocculation
Filtration - Straining
Three-Pot Treatment
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Equipment/Skill Required:
◦ Water container
◦ Intense heat – fuel (wood, gas, etc)
– Preferably a fuel efficient stove
◦ Must be able to produce heat
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Process:
◦ Water should be placed in a container and heated until
boiling.
◦ The water should be allowed to boil for at least 10 minutes.
◦ Once cooled the water will be ready to use.
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• Advantages
– Simple and effective method of purification
– Will kill many waterborne bacteria through the intense heat
– Uses local available materials
• Disadvantages
– Can sometimes be difficult, time consuming, and cost inefficient
because of the high volume of fuel used
– Will not remove mud from ‘murky’ water
– Will not remove suspended or dissolved compounds
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Equipment/Skill Required:
◦ Disposable clear plastic bottles (glass bottles should not be used as they do not let
enough sunlight into the water)
◦ Bright sunlight
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Process:
◦ Fill a clean bottle, leaving a quarter empty.
◦ Put the top on and shake the bottle for 20 seconds.
◦ The bottled should then be left in sunlight
(usually on the roof of your home) for one day
(or two days if the sky is cloudy)
◦ Drink the water straight from the bottle to avoid
cross-contamination.
◦ In the rainy season, paint one side of the bottle black.
This will increase the water temperature quicker.
◦ The painted side should be placed underneath
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Advantages:
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Kills harmful bacteria and pathogens
Simple, convenient and inexpensive
If used correctly, the water is as clean as boiled water
Will not change the taste of water
Disadvantages:
◦ Will not remove mud from ‘murky’ water
◦ A 6-12 hour waiting period
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Equipment/skill required:
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Household bleach
Water vessel
Stirrer
Clearest water possible
Process:
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Boil the water for 5 minutes
Add the bleach to water.
Stir thoroughly.
Let it stand for at least 30 minutes.
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Advantages:
◦ Easy to use method of chemical purification of water
◦ Effective at killing bacteria and viruses
◦ Inexpensive
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Disadvantages:
◦ Not effective at killing all parasites.
◦ Complex compounds can form with organic material which over
time can be hazardous to health.
◦ It is best to use the water in a shorter period of time and store it in a
plastic container in a cool and shaded place.
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Advantages:
◦ Proven reduction of viruses, bacteria, protozoa
◦ Pesticide and heavy metal removal
◦ Simple technology and use
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Disadvantages:
◦ May be toxic if used improperly
◦ Could be more expensive and complicated than other methods due
to increased number of required materials and skill
◦ Requires multiple steps
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Letting water collected during the day settle over night can be an effective
way of improving the clearness of water by reducing turbity (very murky
water) and is a cheap alternative to sand filtering.
However you must leave undisturbed for a sufficient period of time (at
least 10 hours), out of sunlight (at night), in a sealed container is best.
Warning: Must be used in conjunction with Filtering. This is only a
pre-treatment to make Filtering more effective!!
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2.
1.
5.
6.
Resources courtesy of Health Education to Villagers
3.
4.
7.
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Advantages:
◦ Cost effective
◦ Immediate access to water
◦ Filters out all particles that are larger than the pores in the barrier
◦ Can be cleaned and reused
◦ Does not alter taste of water
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Disadvantages:
◦ Does not guarantee removal of all virus particles and infectious
contaminants, chemicals, pollutants, chemicals and poor tastes
◦ Should not be used as a sole purification method
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Equipment/skill required:
◦ 3 water vessels/pots for processing; 1 for collection of dirty water and 1 for
collection of clean water
◦ if possible - a flexible pipe to siphon water as it disturbs sediment less than
pouring
◦ if possible - a cloth or any filtration barrier
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Process:
◦ Pour water into the first pot (pouring it through cloth increases efficiency).
◦ Let the water settle for as many hours as possible – a length of just one day
can kill of more than 50% of most bacteria.
◦ Pour water into a second pot, let it settle again.
◦ Then pour into the third pot and let it settle again.
◦ Drinking water is drawn from the third pot only.
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Advantages:
◦ Cost effective
◦ Easy to use and maintain
◦ Bacterial contamination levels decrease through settlement and over
time
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Disadvantages:
◦ Does not guarantee complete removal of some bacteria and microorganisms
◦ Could take a few days to treat water
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disinfection
anion exchange
oxidation
pH adjustment
cation exchange
filtration
adsorption
demineralization
Match the pollutant with the correct process!
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Evaluate Existing Source
Maintenance and Inspection
Repair Existing Source
Pollution Control Measures
Treatment- POU, POE, or other
Explore all of them before taking action!
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Issues:
1) Chlorine Demand
2) Bacterial Levels
3) Other Water Quality
problems like: iron,
sulfur, and odors
4) Alkalinity and pH of
water may need
adjustment
continuous
chlorination
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U-V Sterilizer
The Selection of UV
Unit system depends on the
following:
a) General Water Quality
b) Turbidity
c) Hardness
d) Iron and Manganese
e) Bacterial Levels
f) Source Water Type and Overall
Water Quality ?
U-V Tube
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Uses
◦ Remove man-made organic chemicals
◦ Remove miscellaneous tastes and odor from water assuming no bacterial
problems
◦ Remove radon gas from water
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Maintenance
◦ Carbon must be replaced
routinely
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Acid (Corrosive Water) Control
Water
Limestone chips
or calcite
Gravel
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Form and concentration is important
◦ Oxidized = visible, orange stain
◦ Reduced = colourless
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Removal Methods
◦ Water Softener
◦ Chlorination / Filtration
◦ Oxidizing Filter
◦ Ozone
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Hot water only?
◦ Adjust water heater to a temperature of 160C for 12 to 24 hours and
then flush
◦ remove or replace rod in heater (Warranty Issues)
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Carbon Filtration- no bacterial problem
Chlorination/ Contact Tank / Filtration
Aeration- no bacterial problem
Oxidizing filter- manganese greensand
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Force water through membrane
Removes many contaminants
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Heat water to boiling
Condense vapour
Ions left behind
Energy intensive
Cooling Water
Raw
Water
Heat Source
Treated
Water
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Units are rated for Water that meets Drinking Water Standards
Not for Water with Levels above the Drinking Water Standard
Typically these are small carbon-block filters that will remove
particles, reduce odors and taste problems, and have a limited
exchange capacity for hardness and trace metals.
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Have your water tested by a reputable accredited, approved, and/or
certified lab
- Don’t rely on in-home water test results.
- Don’t rely on free water tests.
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Consult unbiased water quality experts and get multiple quotes for a
system.
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Explore all alternatives
◦ Well rehabilitation, New source, Local Pollution Control,
Maintenance
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Seek reputable companies that have been around
Ask for customer references
Research company history
Beware of hard sale techniques (scare tactics)
Ask about maintenance requirements
Get a detailed warranty
Look for NSF and WQA certifications
EPA certification means nothing
Get everything in writing!
If it sounds too good - it is!
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Sample No. 1
Test
Result
Coliform bacteria
2 /100 mL
Nitrate-N
1 mg/L
pH
6.7
Hardness
Iron
100 mg/L
6 gpg
0 mg/L
Maximum Contaminant
Level (MCL)
<1 /100 mL
10 mg/L
6.5 to 8.5**
No MCL
(7-10 gpg is very hard)
0.3 mg/L **
gpg = grains per gallon (1 gpg = 17.1 mg/L), ** = Recommended standard (RMCL)
Shock chlorination and retesting, possible continuous disinfection
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Sample No. 2
Test
Coliform bacteria
Result
Maximum Contaminant
Level (MCL)
150 /100 mL
<1 /100 mL
Nitrate-N
1 mg/L
10 mg/L
pH
6.7
Hardness
Iron
100 mg/L
6 gpg
0 mg/L
6.5 to 8.5**
No MCL
(7-10 gpg is very hard)
0.3 mg/L **
gpg = grains per gallon (1 gpg = 17.1 mg/L),** = Recommended standard (RMCL)
Shock Treatment and Retesting and Possibly Chlorination or UV light
or Ozone
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Sample No. 3
Test
Result
Coliform bacteria
0 /100 mL
Nitrate-N
1 mg/L
pH
6.8
Hardness
Iron
Maximum Contaminant
Level (MCL)
<1 /100 mL
10 mg/L
6.5 to 8.5**
34 mg/L
2 gpg
No MCL
(7-10 gpg is very hard)
7.0 mg/L
0.3 mg/L **
gpg = grains per gallon (1 gpg = 17.1 mg/L),** = Recommended standard (RMCL)
Oxidizing filter or Ozone
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Sample No. 4
Test
Result
Coliform bacteria
0 /100 mL
Nitrate-N
1 mg/L
pH
7.0
Hardness
Iron
Maximum Contaminant
Level (MCL)
<1 /100 mL
10 mg/L
6.5 to 8.5**
154 mg/L
9 gpg
No MCL
(7-10 gpg is very hard)
0.5 mg/L
0.3 mg/L **
gpg = grains per gallon (1 gpg = 17.1 mg/L),** = Recommended standard (RMCL)
Water softener
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Sample No. 6
Test
Coliform bacteria
Nitrate-N
pH
Hardness
Iron
Result
Maximum Contaminant
Level (MCL)
0 /100 mL
<1 /100 mL
27 mg/L
10 mg/L
7.0
100 mg/L
6 gpg
6.5 to 8.5**
No MCL
(7-10 gpg is very hard)
0 mg/L
0.3 mg/L **
gpg = grains per gallon (1 gpg = 17.1 mg/L), ** = Recommended standard (RMCL)
POU system or anion exchange
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Water purification is the technique of removing undesirable chemicals,
materials and biological contaminants from raw water.
Hard water causes scale build up in hot water pipes and heaters. This scale
acts as an insulating material, which reduces heat transmission, wastes fuel
and often causes heating element failure. Water conditioning reduces these
hard-water problems.
Since water conditioning does not remove the hard minerals from the water
and cannot provide all of the benefits of soft water, choosing between a
conditioning system and a water softening system depends on water
quality. One should consider mineral buildup problems and chemical
contaminants in water when selecting a conditioning method.
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The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Hard water". Encyclopædia
Britannica. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
Stephen Lower (July 2007). "Hard water and water softening". Retrieved
2007-10-08.
Elmhurst College - Cleansing action of soap. "Soft Water V. Hard Water In
Plumbing, Pools And Hot Tubs Spas". Retrieved 2013-06-23.
"Water Softeners". Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation.
Retrieved 2010-01-29.
Filtration Facts, September 2005, U.S. Environmental Protection
Administration, pp. 6-7. Accessed 6 January 2013.
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