Transcript Beef_Herd_Health

Bovine Herd Health
Management:
Diseases and Parasites
This is a presentation from Virginia Tech and has not been edited
by the Georgia Curriculum Office.
Objectives
• Explain importance of herd health
• Discuss economic impacts on both
diseases and parasites
• Identify diseases/parasites
• State types of organisms
• Discuss mode of transmission.
Objectives,cont.
• Discuss common symptoms.
• Discuss life Cycle of worm.
• Discuss preventative methods.
• Determine the best time of year to
treat for diseases/parasites.
Economic Losses
• The beef industry along with the
producers lose millions of dollars
each year.
• The most common losses are due
to:
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infertility and abortion
calf scours
respiratory infections
sudden death
Economic Losses, cont.
Parasites also contribute to the loss of
millions of dollars annually in the U.S.
due to poorly managed cattle.
Losses include:
reduced weight gains which
increases the amount of feed per
pound of gain.
Low milk production
More Losses
• reduced hide value
• additional trim on carcasses
• and death
Diseases
• The common pathogens in bovine
diseases are bacterial, viral, and
protozoan.
• Cattle diseases are transmitted by
many different ways. The most
common forms of infection are:
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grazing and contact with the soil.
Sexually
casual contact
viruses can be shed in the feces
Diseases
• The most common diseases that
should be treat twice a year are:
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IBR
PI3
BVD
BRSV
Pasteruella
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Brucellosis
Clostridial diseases
Leptospirosis
Campylobacter
fetus
– Trichomoniasis
Diseases
• IBR (infectious bovine
rhinotracheitis):
– organism: virus
– symptoms:
respiratory infection
(“red nose”),
abortion. Also called
BRD: bovine
respiratory disease
– vaccination:
modified-live
• PI3(Parainfluenza 3):
– organism: virus
– symptoms: can lead to a
secondary bacterial
infection, and abortion.
Also called BRD: bovine
respiratory disease
– vaccination: modifiedlive
Diseases
• BVD (bovine virus
diarrhea):
– organism: virus
– symptoms:
persistent
diarrhea,can lead to
a secondary
bacterial infection,
and abortion. BRD:
bovine respiratory
disease.
– vaccination:
modified-live
• BRSV (bovine
respiratory syncytial
virus):
– organism: virus
– symptoms: can lead
to a secondary
bacterial infection,
and abortion. BRD:
bovine respiratory
disease.
– vaccination:
modified-live
Diseases
• Pasteurella:
– organism: bacteria
– symptoms:
pneumonia,
“shipping fever”
– vaccination: two
doses of BRSV 2-4
weeks apart
• Brucellosis:
– organism: bacteria
– symptoms: abortion
and infertility
– vaccination:
calfhood vaccinate
heifers < 8months
of age.
Diseases
• Clostridial:
– organism: bacteria
– symptoms: deathprimarily in young
animals.
– Vaccination: 7-way
• Leptospirosis:
– organism: bacteria
– symptoms: abortion
and kidney failure
– vaccination: 5-way
vaccine
Diseases
• Campylobacter
fetus:
– organism: bacteria
– symptoms:
venereal disease,
infertility
– vaccination:
vaccine with oil
adjuvant
• Trichomoniasis:
– organism: protozoa
– symptoms:
abortion; venereal
disease spread by
bulls
– vaccination: none
Prevention
• VACCINATE
• VACCINATE
• VACCINATE
– at least 2 times a year
Internal Parasites
• Internal parasites are present
inside the animal.
• The parasites and their eggs are
microscopic in size.
• Internal parasites are not easily
noticed.
Modes of Transmission
• Wet and warm climates favor
infestation of internal parasites.
• Transmission takes place through
ingestion.
• Infection usually takes place in the
spring and fall.
Life Cycle
• Worms occur in the hosts small
intestine.
• Female produces eggs which are
passed in the feces.
• Eggs then hatch in to larvae
• The larvae are eaten by the host,
infecting them.
• Larvae then mature into adults,
repeating the cycle.
Common Classes of Worms
• Nematodes: (Roundworms)
– Small Stomach worm
– Medium Stomach worm
– Large Stomach Worm or barber-pole
worm
– Hookworm
– Lungworm
Common Classes of Worms,
cont.
• Cestodes: (Flatworms)
• Flatworm
• Trematodes: (Flukes)
• Liver Flukes
• Stomach Flukes
Symptoms of infestation
• Normal or
increased appetite
with no weight
gain.
• Abnormal weight
loss
• poor growth
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anemia
anorexia
dull hair coat
diarrhea
weakness
edema in jaw
Anthelmintics or ‘wormers’
• There are many products on the
market that are designed to treat
ruminant worms. Some of the most
common are:
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Ivermectin (Ivomec)
Eprinomectin (Ivomec Eprinex)
Doramectin (Dectromax)
Moxidectin (Cydectin)
Wormers
• These products can be administered
through injection or topically by a
‘pour-on’.
• Treatment should take place in the
early spring and fall.
• Products should be rotated to
prevent parasite resistance.
External Parasites
• External parasites are a nuisance to
man and beast. They can cause a
lot of unintended aggravation and
pain. Some examples are:
– Flies: (horn, face, stable,and house
flies) -insects that suck blood and are
responsible for pinkeye, reduced gains
and milk production. Can also cause
mastitis.
– lice: insects that also suck blood and
eat flesh. They will cause rubbing
which results in raw spots.
External Parasites
• Grubs: larvae enter hide and cause
large sores along the backs of
cattle. Larvae feed on pus caused
by its presence.
• Ticks: arachnids that feed on blood
and is responsible for diseases such
as anaplasmosis and ‘blue tongue’.
Treatment
• Pour-on treatments will control all these
external parasites, but it is a good idea to
also have a back-up treatment for longer
periods. The pour-on treatments are:
– Ivermectin (Ivomec)
– Eprinomectin (Ivomec Eprinex)
– Doramectin (Dectromax)
– Moxidectin (Cydectin)
Treatments
• They back-up treatments are just added
insurance. They may consists of:
– ear tags
– back rubs
– boluses
– drench
– paste
– supplemented minerals
– sprays
– dust
Summary
• Disease and parasites can cause
huge economic losses due to:
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poor wt. Gain
low milk production
carcass loss
infertility and abortion
death
Summary
• Transmission occurs through internal
ingestion, casual contact and sexually.
• Spring and Fall are the most
favorable times of the year for
infection.
• Infective pathogens are bacterial,
viral, protozoan, and parasitic (internal
and external).