Transcript Essentials of Biodiversity Database

ESSENTIALS OF BIODIVERSITY
DATA BASE
DR.M.P.NAYAR
EX-DIRECTOR BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES RESEARCH
CENTRE
What is Biodiversity?
• TOTALITY OF BIODIVERSITY ON
EARTH FROM ECOSYSTEMS TO
SPECIES AND GENES.
• BIODIVERSITY SERVICES FOR
HUMAN WELFARE.
• MAINTAINS HEALTHY EARTH.
IMPORTANCE OF TAXONOMY
• TAXONOMIC TOOLS ARE USED FOR THE
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FOUNDATIONS OF BIODIVERSITY.
THE HOUSE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE IS
MEANINGLESS JUMBLE WITHOUT THE BRICKS
OF TAXONOMY AND FINE TUNED WITH
SYSTEMATICS.
Hierarchical Levels in Biodiversity
• Taxonomic diversity
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Kingdoms
Phyla
Families
Genera
Species
Subspecies
Populations
Individuals
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Ecological diversity
Biomes
Ecosystems
Habitats
Populations
• Genetic diversity
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Populations
Individuals
Chromosomes
Genes
Nucleotides
DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY
• Alpha diversity: The total number of species
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coexisting in a region.
Beta diversity: As habitats change along climatic
and topographic gradients, new species turnover takes place.
Gamma diversity: High species turn-over rate
with distances between sites of similar
habitats.
COMPARATIVE POSITION: PLANT
DIVERSITY IN INDIA AND THE WORLD
• TAXA
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BACTERIA
VIRUSES
ALGAE
FUNGI
LICHENS
BRYOPHYTES
PTERIDOPHYTES
GYMNOSPERMS
ANGIOSPERMS
INDIA
850
UNKNOWN
6500
14,500
2000
2850
1100
64
17500
WORLD
%
4000
4000
40000
72000
17000
16000
13000
750
250000
21.25
16.25
20.14
11.80
17.80
8.46
8.53
7.O0
COMPARATIVE POSITION: ANIMAL
DIVERSTY IN INDIA AND THE WORLD
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TAXA
INDIA
PROTISTA
2577
MOLLUSCA
5070
ARTHROPODA
68389
OTHER INVERTEBERATES
8329
• PROTOCHORDATA 119
• PISCES
2546
• AMPHIBIA
209
• REPTILIA
456
• AVES
1232
• MAMMALIA
390
WORLD
31259
66535
987949
87121
2106
21723
5150
5817
9026
4629
%
8.24
7.62
6.90
9.56
5.65
11.72
4.06
7.84
13.66
8.42
INDIA’S AGRO BIODIVERSITY
• INDIA IS A MEGA DIVERSITY COUNTRY
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FOR “AGRO BIODIVERSITY”
167 CROP SPECIES AND WILD RELATIVES
CENTRE OF ORIGIN 30,O00-50,000
VARIETIES OF RICE, PIGEON-PEA,
MANGO, TURMERIC, GINGER,
SUGARCANE, GOOSEBERRIES.
WHAT ARE MICROORGANISMS
• ORGANISMS MICROSCOPIC IN DIAMENSIONS,
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INCLUDES VIRUSES, BACTERIA, ALGAE, FUNGI
AND PROTOZOA.
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE INCLUDES
PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS BESIDES VIRUSES,
BACTERIA, FUNGI AND PROTOZOA.
MICROBES ARE PATENTABLE AS PER WTO AND
INDIAN PATENT LAWS.
MICROORGANISMS IN THE WORLD.
(HAWKSWORTH,1994)
DESCRIBED
SPECIES
ALGAE
%
(PERCENTAGE)
60, 000
67 %
3,000
30,000
10 %
FUNGI
69,000
1,500,000
5%
PROTOZOA
40,000
100,000
40 %
5000
1,30,000
4%
BACTERIA
VIRUSES
40, 000
ESTIMATED
SPECIES
MICROORGANISMS DESCRIBED IN
INDIA
WORLD
ALGAE
BACTERIA
40,000
INDIA
6,500
PERCENTAGE
16 %
4,000
850
21 .2 %
FUNGI
69,000
14,500
20. 7%
PROTOZOA
40,000
2,577
VIRUS
5,000
350
6.4%
7%
BIODIVERSITY ISSUES AND PROFILES
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IDENTIFICATIONS
QUANTIFICATIONS
DISTRIBUTIONS
ENDEMISM
“HOTSPOTS “ AND “WARM SPOTS”
WHAT ARE “HOTSPOTS”
• AREAS HAVING RICH ENDEMISM AND ARE
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FACING EXTREME THREAT PERCEPTIOINS
HOTSPOT AREAS OCCUPY ABOUT 8% OF
WORLD GEOGRAPHICAL AREA BUT HOLD
46% TOTAL WORLD SPECIES.
INCLUDES MAJOR TROPICAL FORESTS ,
RELICT TEMPERATE MEDITERRANEAN
ECOSYSTEMS.
HOTSPOTS VERSUS
AGROBIODIVERSITY
• HOTSPOT CENTRES DO NOT INCLUDE MAJOR AND
VAVILOVIAN CENTRES OF ORIGIN AND DO NOT
ENCOMPASS MAJOR AGROBIODIVERSITY ECOSYSTEMS
OF THE WORLD.
• AS A PARADIGM “HOTSPOT” CONCEPT HELPS
CONSERVATION OF ENDEMIC AND THREATENED
TROPICAL ECOSYSTEMS AND DOES NOT PROTECT
AGROBIODIVERSITY.
• THE DRIVING FORCE FOR THE EVOLUTION AND
DOMESTICATION OF WILD SPECIES TOOK PLACE IN
THE DEFORESTED WOODLANDS AND GRASSLANDS
THROUGH HUMAN INTERVENTION AND
ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM.
BIODIVERSITY “HOTSPOTS”
• TROPICAL ANDES
• ATLANTIC FOREST
• MEDITERRANEAN
• PHILIPPINES
• MADAGASCAR,INDIA • CAPE REGION
N OCEAN ISLDS.
• E.HIMALAYAS
• MESOAMERICAN
• SUNDALAND
FORESTS
• BRAZILIAN
• CARRIBBEAN ISLS.
CERRADO
• INDO-BURMAN
• S.W.AUSTRALIA
BIODIVERSITY “HOTSPOTS”
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POLYNESIA
NEW CALEDONIA
W.EUCADOR
W.GHATS & SRI LANKA
CALIFORNIAN
FLORISTIC PROVINCE
• KAROO
• NEW ZEALAND
• CENTRAL CHILE
• GUINEAN FORESTS OF
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W.AFRICA
WALLACEA
EASTERN ARC
MOUNTAINS
TOTAL ENDEMIIC
SPECIES: 124,O35
46% OF WORLD
SPECIES(270,000)
WHAT ARE “WARM SPOTS”
• AREAS HOLDING VAST GENETIC RESOURCES,
PREDOMESTICATES, AGRO-PASTURAL
WOODLANDS AND GRASSLANDS WHICH ARE
MODIFIED OR CO-EVOLVED WITH MAN’S
DETERMINISM AND ENVIRONMENTAL
STRESSES.
• THESE WARM SPOT AREAS ARE IN OR
ADJACENT TO THE CRADLES OF HUMAN
CIVILISATIONS.
SEARCHABLE DATA BASES
• BIODIVERSITY IS A DEAD CAPITAL UNLESS IT IS
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SUSTAINABLY UTILISED.
DATA GATHERING IS TO BE FOCUSSED FOR A
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY OR FOCUSED GROUP, OR
TARGETED TAXA.
THERE SHOULD BE STANDARDISATION AND
UNIFORMITY.
DATA ARE TO BE COMPUTER COMPATIBLE
FORMAT.
CHECK LIST FOR SPECIES OR FOCAL
TAXA
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LOCAL NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
PERSON GIVING INFORMATION
LITERATURE REFERENCES
LOCAL NAMES OF VARIETIES OF DOMESTICATED
PLANTS AND ANIMALS.
TAXONOMIC SPECIES GROUPS
LANGUAGES USED
LOCAL VALUE
MAJOR USES AND MAJOR DISUSES
FOCAL TAXA STATUS AND
MANAGEMENT
• LOCAL NAME OF SPECIES OR SPECIES GROUPS.
• HABITAT
• CURRENT LEVELS OF ABUNDANCE (ABSENT; RARE;
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MODERATELY COMMON;ABUDANT)
TRENDS AND REASONS BEHIND .
TRENDS IN ABUNDANCE OR RARITY DURING LAST TEN
YEARS: (Substantial increase; moderate increase; Little or
no change; moderate decrease; substantial decrease)
Immediate reason or motivation.
Change in goods and services.
Essentials of data base for Medicinal
plants: I
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Screening and collation of data for secondary metabolites:
Indole alkaloids (Apocynaceae, Loganiaceae, Rubiaceae)
Tropane alkaloids ( Solanaceae; Convolvulaceae)
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids ( Ranales or Magnolidae)
Aporhine, Morhine (Beriberidaceae. Papaveraceae,
Menispermaceae, Magnoliaceae)
• Polyacetylenes ( Asteraceae, Apiaceae)
• Terpenes ( Asteraceae, Apiaceae)
• Limonoids and Qassinoids ( Rutaceae, Meliaceae and
Simaroubaceae)
ESSENTIALS OF DATA BASE FOR
MEDICINAL PLANTS:
• GLUCOSINOLATES OR MUSTARD OIL
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GLUCOSIDES ( BRASSICACEAE, CAPPARACEAE,
MORINGACEAE)
CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES (ROSACEAE,
FABACEAE AND SAPINDACEAE0
TERPENES ( ESSENTIAL OILS)
STEROIDS (CARDIAC STEROIDS)
FLAVONOIDS.
DATA BASES
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FLORA AND FAUNA
MONOGRAPHS
REVISIONS
INDICES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES
HERBARIA AND MUSEUM
TYPES OF DATA BASES
• ON LINE IDENTIFICATIONS
• INTERACTIVE KEYS
• ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES INFORMATION
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NETWORK (ERIN)
INTERNATIONAL LEGUME DATA BASE
INFORMATION SERVICE (ILDIS)
NATURE PRODUCT ALERT (NAPRALERT)
GENOMIC DATA AND SEQUENCES
• AMINO ACID SEQUENCES
• NUCLIOTIDE SEQUENCES
• GENE LINKED CHARACTERISATIONS
PACKING OF CHARACTERS IN GENOMES
• A BACTERIAL CELL OF ONE MICROMETRE (1um, one
millionth of a metre) PACKS ITS DNA MOLECULE ONE
THOUSAND TIMES LONGER THAN ITS SIZE.
• In Human beings chromsomes(46 chromosomes in a human
cell) total length in a cell if arranged end to end is about O.3
mm. long) and the total DNA it contains, if arranged end to
end would be about 2 metres in length.) . The packing is of
the order of 10,000 times. )
• Hence of characters in a data assembly is unimaginably
large.