Transcript History of Medicine II Microbiology

History of Medicine II
Microbiology
Packet #2
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Introduction
• Microbiology is the branch
of biology that deals with
microorganisms and their
effects on other living
organisms.
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The 19th Century
Both tuberculosis and
diphtheria are both really
bad during this time and
continue to run into the
early/mid 20th century
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The 19th Century
Drugs
Morphine is developed from
opium
Ether is discovered
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If a patient is exposed to the
scent of ether, he/she is
normally knocked unconscious
Became useful for surgeries
during this time period but
people still died after waking up
a few weeks later
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Due to non sanitary conditions
1846—U.S. Mass General
Hospital starts using ethanol
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Patient died later—post-surgical
septum
Bayer aspirin is also developed
and is the #1 drug worldwide
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The 19th Century
John Snow
During the 19th century, John
Snow discovered cholera
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Cholera causes violent
diarrhea and death within 2
days
People dumped raw sewage,
and defecated, into the water
that they drank– causing the
disease to develop and spread
Snow stated that people
must not put sewage in the
water that they drank, that
water must be disinfected
with chlorine and that
sewage should be treated
before putting it into water.
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19th Century Cont…
Ignaz Semmelweis
Ignaz Semmelweis was a young
intern, with an abrasive
personality, who worked at a
children’s hospital
Semmelweis noticed that
Childbed fever (puerperal
sepsis) killed many children
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However the women, who died
with their children at childbirth,
had a lower death rate if they
gave birth at home with a
midwife
Semmelweis reasoned that
women were acquiring the
infection from their medical
attendants.
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Hands were not clean
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The 19th Century
Childbed Fever
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Also called puerperal sepsis
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Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes
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Normal vaginal and respiratory microflora
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Can pass through irritaed uterine surfaces and invade blood
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Symptoms
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Chills; fevers; pelvic distention and tenderness; bloody vaginal discharge
Diagnosis
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Giving rise to septicemia
Today, isolated from blood cultures
Treatment
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Today
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Penicillin
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Mortality low if treated
Recovery
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Takes many weeks
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Relapses are common
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The 19th Century
Ignaz Semmelweis Continued
Ordered that hands be washed
with in “blind water”
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A chlorine solution
CaCO3 (calcium carbonate)+ H2O
+ HCl
Ca(OCl)2 (calcium hypochlorite)
which can dissociate into the ions
Ca++ + OCl
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Bleaching agent
It is a very powerful
Our cells make it to help kill germs
and bacteria
Good oxidizer
Today—Clorox—Na (OCl) 2
(sodium hypochlorite)—2.5%
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Na + OCl- powerful oxidizing
agent
Thursday, April 6, 2017
The 19th Century
Ignaz Semmelweis & Joseph Lister
Semmelweis told people in the health profession to wear
new/clean/sanitized clothing but started to “lose his
mind” and was placed in a mental institution
Semmelweis wrote to two people
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Oliver Wendell Holmes—writer, physician, poet
Joseph Lister—physician, surgeon
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**Disease transmitted to living women
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Didn’t know what bacteria it was
Today it is known as Streptomyces griseus
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Joseph Lister
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Lister introduced the principles of
antiseptic surgery into medicine
First successfully used ether as an
anesthetic in England
Also revealed that the cause of
widespread surgical sepsis was due
to germs in the air
Used phenol, carbolic acid, to
control the germs
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Tried phenol spray, but abandoned
it because of unpleasant conditions
in surgical room
Swab before surgical procedure
Dressed wounds afterwards with a
piece of lint dipped in phenol
Immediate drop in deaths after
surgery
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The Golden Era
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The Golden Era
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The Golden Era in Microbiology, and science in general,
was between the years of 1875 thru 1915.
There were many positive contributions made by various
scientists during this time period.
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The Golden Era
Louis Pasteur
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Louis Pasteur is the 19thcentury biologist and
chemist whose work with
germs and micro-organisms
opened up new fields of
scientific inquiry, aided
industries (ranging from
wine to silk), and made him
one of the world's most
celebrated scientists.
Pasteur became a professor
of chemistry at the
University of Lille in 1854,
and soon began studying
fermentation in wine and
beer.
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The Golden Era
Louis Pasteur
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Pasteur with a knowledge
of bacteria and yeast
hypothesized that these
micro-organisms were
also the cause of
fermentation, food
spoilage and even illness.
Pasteur’s theories were
not well received
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People thought that he was
insane and he was exiled
from Spain into Germany
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Louis Pasteur Continued
While in Germany, the
problem of beer and wine
were spoiling during the
process of fermentation
affected the taste—making
them virtually undrinkable.
 Pasteur was invited to work
on the problem due to his
knowledge of fermentation.
 Pasteur soon demonstrated
that a specific micro-organism
caused each kind of
fermentation and that when
other microscopic organisms
entered the liquid, that it
caused “souring.”
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Louis Pasteur Continued
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Pasteur said to allow the
process to complete but
not let the microorganisms take over
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He said to store the liquid,
during fermentation, in a
closed container at 53
degrees Celsius for short
periods of time.
The invading microorganisms (bacteria) were
killed.
This process, also used
with milk and other
beverages, is known as
pasteurization.
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Louis Pasteur Cont…
• France, having the same
problem, invited him
back and while there, he
later developed
sterilization techniques
where an object is
sterilized at
temperatures of more
than 100 degrees
Celsius in a closed
system
• Today, a temperature of 120
degrees Celsius is used.
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Pasteur Continued…
Rabies
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Pasteur then turned his
attention to rabies around
1880
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Looked for a vaccine that
would be used to control the
disease
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Believed that an attenuated
(weakened form of the
disease) rabies vaccine could
be made
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Without a vaccine, death
occurred almost 100% of the
time
However, the only way to test
his vaccine would be on a
human that was bitten by a
rabid dog.
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Louis Pasteur & Transposal of Virus
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Pasteur knew that rabies took anywhere from weeks to
months to develop its symptoms
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Pasteur found a rabid dog and hypothesized that the microorganism (virus) would be found in the saliva of the mammal.
Pasteur then injected the virus into a healthy dog and that dog
developed rabies
However, following that, he injected a rabbit from infected dog
#2.
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Pasteur recognized that the symptoms of rabies did not show in
rabbit until the 26th day
Pasteur passed the rabies virus along a series of rabbits and he
noticed that the incubation period got less—6 days
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Louis Pasteur Cont…
Rabies
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After going through a series
of rabbits, Pasteur then
injected yet another dog and
found that the dog had an
incubation period of 26 days.
Continuing his research,
Pasteur ground up a dead
rabbit—dried it for a period
of time—then placed virus
into a new dog
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Virus did not show for 26
days
The virus was attenuated…it
had become “weakened” and
less virulent.
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Louis Pasteur Cont…
Rabies
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Pasteur came across a 9yr
old boy bitten by rabid dog,
Joseph Meister, and tried the
vaccine on the boy.
Pasteur decided to give the
boy doses of the vaccine for
14 days.
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Felt that beyond 14 days that
death was inevitable
However, the vaccine was
stopped at Day 11
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Meister’s health improved and
Pasteur had created the
vaccine against rabies
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The Golden Era
Robert Koch
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Robert Koch, a German
physician, helped validate
the work of Pasteur.
Although Pasteur
developed a vaccine for
anthrax, then generally
found in sheep, Koch was
the first person, using pure
culture techniques based
on the work of Pasteur, to
isolate anthrax bacillus
and observe the
bacterium’s life cycle.
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The Golden Era
Robert Koch
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Koch, also isolated the
organism for tuberculosis,
Mycobacterium bovis, and
went to India where he
discovered the organism
responsible for cholera
Koch saw that the
organism, Vibrio cholerae,
was present in the
Gahanna’s River
When he presented his
results, he was laughed at
and mocked.
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The Golden Era
Koch & Pasteur
Koch & Pasteur
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Koch and Pasteur jointly
proposed the “germ theory”
of disease and their research
helped supplant this
scientific thought.
Although Pasteur is known
as the “father” of
immunology, Koch
developed what is today
known as Koch’s
postulates—proof that an
infectious agent is
responsible for a specific
disease.
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Koch’s Postulates
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The agent must be present in
every case of the disease.
The agent must be isolated
from the host & grown in vitro.
The disease must be
reproduced when a pure
culture of the agent is
inoculated into a healthy
susceptible host.
The same agent must be
recovered once again from the
experimentally infected host.
Thursday, April 6, 2017
The Golden Era
Dmitri Iwanowski
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On 12th February
1892, Dmitri Iwanowski, a
Russian botanist, presented a
paper to the St. Petersburg
Academy of Science which
showed that extracts from
diseased tobacco plants
could transmit disease to
other plants after passage
through ceramic filters fine
enough to retain the
smallest known bacteria.
This is generally recognized
as the beginning of Virology.
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The Golden Era
Dmitri Iwanowski
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Iwanowski was crazy in the
eyes of some.
Iwanowski said that he
would drink a bottle
containing a micro-organism.
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He did, became sick and was
unconscious in three hours.
Iwanowski was convinced of
Pasteur’s and Koch’s germ
theory.
Iwanowski went to Berlin
with Robert Koch where he
discovered the virus that
caused diseased tobacco
plants.
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The Golden Era
Friedrich Loeffler
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Friedrich Loeffler, a
German bacteriologist,
worked approximately five
years with Robert Koch.
Additionally, Loeffler
worked with a student,
Emile Roux, that studied
diphtheria and foot and
mouth disease.
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The Golden Era
Friedrich Loeffler
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Loeffler discovered that
diphtheria was caused by the
bacteria Corynebacterium
diphtheriae.
However, it was the toxin,
produced by the bacteria,
that was causing multiple
deaths.
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Loeffler saw that the heart, of
the guinea pigs being studied,
“quit” while the bacterium
was in the throat.
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The heart cells had died.
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The Golden Era
Freiedrich Loeffler
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Death was due to a toxin
produced by the bacteria
Loeffler added formaldehyde
to the toxin, injected it into
his specimen, and it did not
die.
Loeffler had discovered an
anti-toxin
Children were given the
anti-toxin if they had the
disease
Loeffler’s discovery began
the era of preventative and
therapeutic medicine.
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Review
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Review I
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Many important
discoveries were made
during the 19th century
and early 20th century that
helped develop medicine
as we know it today.
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Review II
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