Transcript chapt 21
PowerPoint to accompany CONCEPTS IN BIOLOGY Enger • Ross • Bailey CHAPTER 21 1 What are microorganisms? A tiny organism that cannot be seen without a microscope. – 2 Live in a variety of different habitats Domains eubacteria and archaea 3 Used to be lumped into one group, bacteria Eubacteria have cell walls with peptidoglycan. Archaea and eubacteria have chemically unique cell membranes. So different from each other necessary to classify into different Domains of life. Domain eubacteria Identified by – Their shape – – Metabolic reactions Chemistry of their cell walls 4 Can be rods, spheres or spiral-shaped Gram (+) and Gram (-) Bacterial cells structure 5 Shapes of bacteria 6 Domain eubacteria Occupy many different ecological niches Decomposers – – Heterotrophs that break down organic matter Called saprophytes – – – – – 7 – Can live on dead organic matter Some are anaerobic. – tetanus, botulism Others are aerobic and break down organic matter into carbon dioxide and water. Important in recycling carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, etc. Could be used to break down sewage, clean up oil spills Used in food production (blue cheese, yogurt, beer, wine, etc.) Are responsible for food spoilage Decomposers in sewage 8 Domain eubacteria Commensal bacteria +/ø – Mutualistic +/+ – 9 Bacteria that live on or in organisms without benefiting or harming the host Normal microflora Bacteria on our skin E. coli in our large Domain eubacteria Mutualistic bacteria – E. coli in our large intestine – – 10 Produce antibiotics and compete for resources – Reducing the growth of pathogenic bacteria They produce and release vitamin K. Cyanobacteria and fungi in lichens Plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their roots Cyanobacteria Photosynthetic eubacteria – 11 Cyanobacteria performs photosynthesis like plants. Chlorella Spirulina Cyanobacteria 12 Domain eubacteria Bacteria and mineral cycles – Nitrogen cycle 13 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria transform atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. – Ammonia can be used by plants to make amino acids. – Other bacteria convert ammonia waste to nitrate or nitrite. – Other bacteria convert nitrite to atmospheric nitrogen. Domain eubacteria Disease-causing bacteria – – Also called pathogens or parasites +/Some commensalistic bacteria can become pathogenic. 14 If they are given the opportunity to increase in number If they have the opportunity to invade new tissue Example: S. pneumoniae A bacterial plant disease 15 Domain eubacteria Control of bacterial populations – Bacterial populations grow rapidly because 16 Their generation time is so short. – About every 20 minutes – 1 bacteria can lead to millions in a matter of days They can generate resistant forms or stages. – Spores They mutate rapidly. – Can produce antibiotic resistant strains – MRSA, VRE Kingdom protista A catch-all kingdom – – – Divided into three groups – – 17 Includes a diverse array of organisms Many are not evolutionarily related to one another. All are eukaryotic Most are single celled; some are multicellular. – Algae Autotrophic, unicellular Protozoa Heterotrophic, unicellular Fungus-like protists Relationships among members of the protista 18 Algae Contain chlorophyll and can carry out photosynthesis Most are aquatic. – Plankton float in the water. 19 Phytoplankton are photosynthetic. Zooplankton are heterotrophic. Algae 20 The terrestrial forms live in very moist areas. Most are unicellular; a few are multicellular. Single-celled algae Euglenids Move by flagella Have a flexible outer covering called a pellicle – 21 Gives them a shape Some are heterotrophs, others are autotrophs. Many live in freshwater. Single-celled algae Diatoms – – Found in freshwater, marine and soil environments Major component of phytoplankton – – – – 22 A few are heterotrophs. Brownish in color Do not have cilia or flagella Have cell walls made of silica Diatomeous earth Single-cell algae Dinoflagellates – Important primary producers in marine ecosystems – – – Have two flagella Have outer covering made of cellulose Most are autotrophs. 23 Also occur in freshwater Some are heterotrophs. Some are parasitic. Red tides Single-cell algae – Some produce toxins that can kill fish. – 24 Red tide Can poison humans if they eat poisoned fish Some are bioluminescent. Single-celled algae 25 Multicellular algae Commonly known as seaweed. Red algae – – 26 Live in warm oceans Used to produce agar and carrageenin Red and brown algae 27 Multicellular algae Brown algae – – – Green algae – – 28 Live in cooler marine environments Can grow very long Produce alginates (food stabilizer) Found in freshwater ecosystems Are photosynthetic and have cellulose cell walls Green algae 29 Protozoa Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Unicellular Lack cell walls Classified by their means of locomotion – – – 30 – Flagellates Ameboid Ciliates Apicomplexa Flagellates Have flagella Live in moist environments Many are mutualistic. – Many are parasitic . – – 31 Found in termite gut; digest cellulose – Trichomonas vaginalis-common sexually transmitted disease Trypanosomes cause sleeping sickness in humans and cows. Giardia causes intestinal distress, diarrhea, gas. Flagellates 32 Amoeboid protozoans 33 Move via pseudopods – Cellular extensions in which cytoplasm flows Most are free-living. – Feed on algae, bacteria, etc. Some are parasitic. – Amoebic dysentery Examples – Amoeba Ameboid protozoa 34 Ciliates Contain cilia – 35 Beat in an organized, rhythmic fashion to move the cell Ruminants have ciliates in their gut. Termites Ciliates 36 The apicomplexans Nonmotile parasites Have a spore-like stage in their life cycle Malaria is caused by an apicomplexan. – – – 37 Transmitted by mosquitoes to humans Reproduces in the mosquito Eliminating mosquitoes helps reduce the incidence of malaria. The life cycle of Plasmodium vivax 38 Funguslike protists Have a motile reproductive stage Slime molds – – 39 Move like amoeba Digest dead organic matter Multicellularity in the protista Volvox – Volvox is colonial. 40 The flagella of each cell moves together to move the colony. Some of the cells are specialized to produce sperm and egg. Thought to be the ancestor of multicellular organisms The development of multicellular green algae 41 Kingdom Fungi Nonphotosynthetic; heterotrophic – Eukaryotic Have chitin-containing cell walls Made up of filaments known as hypha – Hyphae form networks called mycelium Disperse through spores – – 42 Secrete enzymes that digest large molecules externally Cells with tough protective coating Can be produced by sexual or asexual reproduction Mycelium 43 Fungus taxonomy 44 The significance of fungi Fungi play many roles in ecosystems Decomposers – – – Food – 45 Fungi and bacteria are the major composers in ecosystems. Recycles nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus Can destroy clothes, wood, leather, food Fungi and their products can be used as food. Mushrooms Soy sauce is made by fermenting an ascomycete. Citric acid in cola is released from a mold. Yeasts are used to make alcoholic beverages and bread. The significance of fungi Mycorrhizae – – – – – 46 Associations between fungi and the roots of plants One type penetrates the roots of the plant. The other type surrounds the roots but doesn’t penetrate. Found in 80-90% of all plants Increases the root’s surface area for absorption of nutrients up to 10-fold Mycorrhizae 47 Significance of fungi Lichens – Symbiotic relationship between a fungus and either an alga or cyanobacterium. – Do not require soil for growth 48 The alga or cyanobacterium is photosynthetic and provides food. The fungus provides a moist environment. Grow on trees or rocks Important in soil formation during ecological succession Lichens 49 Significance of fungi Pathogenic fungi – Can infect plants – Can infect humans 50 Caused the extinction of Chesnut trees and Dutch elm trees Causes wheat rust and corn smut – Causes costly damage to crops – Farmers have to use fungicides. Pneumocystis is present in most people’s lungs. Can cause infection in people with compromised immune systems Corn smut 51 Significance of fungi Toxic fungi – – Some fungi can produce mycotoxins The mushroom, Amanita spp, makes a toxin that is deadly. “Death Angel” – – 52 Food contaminated with these spores can cause illness and death. The mushroom, Psilocybe contains a hallucinogenic chemical called psilobycin. Claviceps purpurea is a parasite on rye that generates a toxin that causes hallucinations, insanity, muscle spasms and death. Witches Poisonous mushrooms 53