Transcript Place Invaders: Invasive Diseases

Invasive Diseases
Also
known as
 Contagious
Disease
 Communicable Disease
 Transmissible Disease
Caused
by a pathogen that
causes disease
Not all infections cause disease
that can be transmitted
Pathogens
 Viruses
 Bacteria
 Parasites
 Fungi
 Protozoa
 Prions
can be:
Plants
People
Animals
Bacteria
Other
Single Celled-organisms
Transmitted
by
-Chewing Animals such as Insects
-Sucking Insects such as Aphids
-Fungi
-Single-celled Organisms
-People Through Tools or Hands
-Generation to Generation
Through Seeds and Pollen
-Nematodes
Don’t
infect humans or animals
Reduce Yield
Deform fruits and vegetables
Plum Pox Virus in
peaches
Tomato Mosaic Virus
in cucumbers
Pepper mild mottled virus
Tobacco Mosaic virus
Tobacco Mosaic Virus in
Orchids
Potatoes infected with Y virus
Tobacco Mosaic
virus in
tomatoes
Healthy Eggplant (left)
compared to damaged
eggplant infected with
Tomato Bushy Stunt virus
Once
plants are infected with
viruses little can be done.
There is not effective treatment.
The best control is prevention.
Scientists are working on
creating vaccines but they are in
the early stages of research.
insect
control
removing weeds that may harbor
viruses or their insect vectors
grow from seeds
for plants that transmit viruses
through seed, use indexed seed
discard all virus infected plants
disinfect tools used for vegetative
propagation
Transmitted
 Biting
and/or Blood-sucking Insects
 Coughing
 Sneezing
 Fecal-oral Route
 Direct Blood to Blood
 Direct Body Fluids
 Sexual transmission
Some
Viruses can infect a number
of species
Other Viruses are Species Specific
Viruses can mutate
 new
“strain” of a virus
 expand host populations
 alter transmission method
Viruses
need live tissue
Vaccines
are used to create
immunity to viruses
Antivirals can now be used to
treat some viruses
 Tamiflu
 Relenza
Antibiotics
viruses!
DO NOT work on
Foot
and Mouth Disease
Hemorrhagic Fever
Influenza (flu)
Avian Influenza
Herpes Viruses
West Nile Virus
Encephalitis
Yellow Fever
Influenza Virus
Distemper
Rabies
Measles
Polio
Chickenpox
Smallpox
Girl with Smallpox in
Bangladesh in 1973
Single-celled
microorganisms
Rods, spheres, spirals
Reproduce by Binary fission
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Binary_fission_anim.gif
Live
in every environment on earth
 Soil
 Fresh
water
 Salt water
 Acidic hot springs
 On all surfaces
 In very inhospitable places
Live
in and on the human body
Live in and on plants and animals
Very
important in nutrient cycles
 Nitrogen
fixation
 Decomposition
Some
bacteria beneficial
 Probiotics
 Fermented
foods
Cheese
 Yogurt
 Pickles
 Sourdough bread

Some
bacteria live symbiotically
Some bacteria harmful
 pathogens
Most
bacteria do not affect humans,
plants or other animals
Most bacteria have not been
classified or studied
Cholera
Tuberculosis
Anthrax
Leprosy
Syphilis
Bubonic
plague
Bacterial pneumonia
Tetanus
Bacillus anthracis
(Anthrax)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E.-coli-growth.gif
Exist
virtually everywhere including
in the air
So transmission is possible by every
means
Bacterial can live for years in very
inhospitable environments
 Spores
in soil
Bacteria
do not only cause
disease in plants and animals
Bacteria cause food spoilage
Bacteria cause food-borne
illnesses
Food preservation and
pasteurization techniques are
used to prevent both
Live
in or on a host and cause harm
 Nourishment
 Protection
May
be as small as a single cell
 Protozoa
1
to 2 micometers
May
be a large worm
 Helminths
 Just
long
visible to naked eye to 2 meters
May
have a single permanent host
Or many intermediary hosts
In animals, often excreted in feces
Infest animals and plants
 Humans
 Mammals
 Birds
 Insects
Transmitted
from human to human
Transmitted from animal to animal
Transmitted from human to animal
Transmitted from animal to human
Transmitted from human to bird to
mammal and back to human
May be transmitted by insect vectors
Transmitted
from fecal
contamination
Transmitted from direct blood
contamination
Transmitted by vectors
Found
in food or water
Cause foodborne illness
Cause waterborne illness
Can range from mild discomfort
to debilitating illness or even
death
Transmitted primarily through
fecal contamination
Trichomoniasis
Malaria
Giardia
Cryptosporidium
Cyclospora
Toxoplasmosis
Trichinosis
Tapeworms
Proper
hand washing with soap
Drink either municipal treated water
or boil water
Cook foods thoroughly
Do not swallow or breath in water
when swimming
Consume only pasteurized beverages
Use gloves when handling uncooked
meat, cat litter, gardening.
Athlete’s
Foot/Jock Itch
Yeast Infections (Candida)
 Thrush
Ringworm
Diaper
Rash
Fungal Sinusitis
Nail Fungus
Histoplasmosis
Powdery
Mildew
Fusarium Wilt
Root rots
Phytopthora infestans –
late blight
 Cause
Powdery Mildew
of the Irish Potato Famine
 Still the most pathogen of
potato crops
Transmitted
by contact with
fungal spores
Transmitted by air
Treated with antifungal agents
in humans and animals
Treated with fungicides in
plants
Malaria,
Giardia, Cryptosporidium,
and Toxoplasmosis
African Sleeping Sickness
Amebic Dysentery
Transmitted
by insect vectors
 Tse
Tse Fly
 Malarial mosquito
Transmitted
in contaminated
water
Transmitted in contaminated
food
Contamination with cysts from
infested fecal material
Proper
hand washing with soap
Boil water before drinking
Cook foods thoroughly
Prevent fly contamination of food
Drink only pasteurized beverages
Strict sanitation when working
with lab animals
Drug
treatments are available
Depending upon infestation, a
sequential use of several drugs
may be used.
Chlorine does not kill protozoans
so heating water to 122°F is
necessary
Prions
are a caused by a yet to be
determined transmission agent
cause abnormal folding of
proteins in the brain which leads
to brain damage
Mad
Cow Disease – BSE
Scrapie
Chronic
Wasting Disease
Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease
Kuru
The
disease is always fatal. No
known treatment is available.
Brain and spinal tissue is removed
from slaughtered animals prior to
butchering to prevent any possible
contamination by prions.