Transcript Energy Concepts

ENERGY CONCEPTS
Matter Cycles; Energy Flows
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Energy is Conserved; it cannot be created nor
destroyed; it only changes “form”
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The sun is the primary source of Energy for
most life on Earth
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An Energy transformation is a change in
Energy Form
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Forms of Energy:
 Kinetic Energy: energy at work or in motion
 Potential Energy: stored Energy
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Thermal Energy: heat; Energy lost in the
form of heat is not recoverable
Chemical Energy: potential Energy stored in chemical
bonds.
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Energy is always “changed” from a more
useful to a less useful form
No Energy Transformation is 100% efficient;
you can NEVER get as much Energy out of a
transformation as you put in.
Energy OUT is ALWAYS less than Energy IN
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Autotrophs/Producers
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Photosynthesis: anabolic process; uses solar
energy to convert inorganic CO2 and H2O
into organic glucose. The Energy required to
create the chemical bonds in C6H12O6
comes from solar energy.
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Anabolic: small to big, create chemical bonds,
store Energy
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Heterotrophs/Consumers cannot anabolize
their own energy; dependent on the
producers
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They have to “eat or consume” their Energy
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Catabolic: big to small, break chemical bonds,
release Energy
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Cellular Respiration - catabolic process that
breaks the bonds of glucose and uses that
Energy to regenerate ATP from ADP and P
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Laws:
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1. “E” cannot be created nor destroyed but it
can be transformed from one type into
another (Light E → Chemical “E” → Kinetic
“E”)
2. As “E” is transformed, some is lost as Heat
because no transformation is 100% efficient.
(“E” into a system is always greater than “E”
out)
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Calorie: means of measuring the Energy content of food items
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1 calorie is equal to the amount of Energy required to raise the T of 1
gram of H2O 1 degree C.
A kilocalorie (C) is equal to 1000 c’s.
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ATP – Adenosine TriPhosphate
Structure:
1. adenine (nitrogen base found in
DNA/RNA)
2. ribose sugar (sugar found in the
nucleotides of RNA)
3. Three Phosphate Groups (the P discussed
in the nucleotides of DNA/RNA)
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High “E” bonds between the P Groups
– each P bond represents 7.3 kcal of potential
“E”
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ATP→→→→ADP→→→→AMP
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ATP decomposes →→ ADP + P + Energy
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*CELLS NEED A WAY TO REGENERATE ATP
FROM ADP!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Photosynthesis is the process of making food
(usually in the form of Glucose) from CO2 and
H2O in the presence of light.
This process takes place in “Green” plants.
These plants must contain chlorophyll.
The rate of photosynthesis is determined by
the light available.
Light + 6CO2 + 6H2O→→C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Cellular Respiration – the main Energy
releasing process in living cells. It involves
the “breakdown” of food (usually Glucose) to
generate ATP from ADP and releases CO2
and H2O.
All living organisms depend on the Energy
released during Respiration: plants, animals,
bacteria, protozoa, and fungi.
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 + → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
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Where does the increase in mass of a seedling
come from as it grows into a tree?
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Historical Perspective of Photosynthesis:
Aristotle’s thoughts-the only thing that was connecting the
plant/tree to the Earth are the roots, therefore, plants are
“soil eaters.”
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Van Helmont (1700’s)-started with a seedling (few grams) and planted it
in a pot with soil (known mass).
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For 5 years, kept detailed records of mass of water
added.
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75 kgs; mass of pot/soil unchanged.
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Mass of the tree came from the water
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Priestly: Combustion
“phlogiston”; phlogisticated air
bell jar with mint, candle, and a mouse
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Ingenhousz: sunlight necessary for plant to
produce “phlogisten”
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Nicholas de Saussure who found that an increase in the dry
weight of a plant was dependent upon the presence of
carbon dioxide.
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this was eventually proven with radioactive
CO2.
labeling of
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Pigment- colored substance that absorbs or
reflects light. Ex used in photosynthesis?
Color? Why?
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Light travels in waves
Wavelength (crest, trough)
*longer the wavelength, the less energy
*shorter the wavelength, the greater the energy
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1. What is the relationship between
wavelength and Energy?
Which “color” of light in the visible light
spectrum has the highest amount of Energy?
Do we see reflected or absorbed wavelengths
of light Energy?
Under white light, why do chloroplasts
appear Green in color?
Why does a green oak leaf change color to
red in the Fall?
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Step One: Light Reaction
Solar Energy transformed to PCE
H2O is split and O2 is released
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The H atoms are bonded to the NADP+ (anabolic); ATP is regenerated
from ADP
Both are transported out of the thylakoid to the stroma and the Calvin
Cycle
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Stroma
Energy of ATP is used to bond the H from
NADPH to CO2 to produce glucose: C6H12O6
The NADP+ and the ADP are “cycled” back to
the Light Reactions to be re-energized
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Breaking down glucose in the ABSENCE of
oxygen.
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Occurs in the cytoplasm
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Two Types (Lactic Acid Fermentation and
Alcoholic Fermentation)
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Once O2 becomes available (aerobic), the
Lactic Acid is converted “back” to Pyruvic
Acid.
The Pyruvic Acid is transported into the
Mitochondria and the Cellular Respiration
metabolic pathway.
Excess Lactic Acid is also excreted in urine.
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Producers or Autotrophs
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Decomposers
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After “living organisms” experience Death
(Life Span), decomposers use them as food.
Decomposers break down dead organisms
into simpler substances.
They return critical substances to the soil and
water.
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Decay is often used to describe this
breakdown of once living materials
The “Decomposers”: molds, mushrooms,
and many species of bacteria
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They are essential as they rid the
environment of the bodies of dead plants and
animals.
They return nutrient rich compounds
containing nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus,
sulfur and magnesium to the environment.
These nutrients are used by the Producers to
make food and the cycle of “matter” through
the Biosphere continues.
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A “close” relationship between 2 organisms in
which at least one of the organisms benefits
Symbiotic relationships are one of 3
categories:
Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
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Both organisms benefit
The bacteria line our GI tract
They help us to digest our food into smaller
nutrients and vitamins that easily cross from
our digestive tract into the blood stream
In return, they receive a warm, moist nutrient
rich environment to live
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One of the organisms benefits and the other
is NOT harmed.
Small birds that nest under the larger nests of
eagles and osprey
The large predators do not feed on the
smaller birds but these birds gain protection
from their predators due to the proximity to
the eagles and osprey
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One benefits and one is harmed.
Blood drinking animals such as fleas, ticks,
and mosquitoes
Disease causing bacteria and viruses
The fungus that causes athletes foot and ring
worm
Worms such as “heart worm”
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Parasites usually do not KILL their host,
although they may weaken it greatly
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Why do you think it is an evolutionary
advantage for a parasite to NOT kill its host?