Transcript Experiences in controlling and managing brown rot in Poland

Experiences in controlling and managing
brown rot in Poland – surveys planning,
sampling, and laboratory analysis of host plants
and water
Belgrade, 22 May 2012
Content of the presentation:
 Introduction of the Polish plant health services
 Potato production in Poland
 Surveys for the presence of the potato bacteria
- Surveys planning
- Sampling
- Laboratory analyses of potato tubers, other plants and
water
- Results
 Conclusions
The State Plant Health and Seed Inspection Service in Poland
is the National Plant Protection Organization under the
meaning of the International Plant Protection Convention and
is the responsible official body under the meaning of Council
Directive 2000/29/EC.
The State Plant Health and Seed Inspection
Service – the main tasks:
 monitoring of plant health conditions, protecting crops
against harmful organisms and preventing from spreading of
harmful organisms across the country
 supervision of trade and use of plant protection products
 supervision of seed material production and trading
Organization of the Service
 Head Office (the seat in Warsaw)
 16 Voivodeship Inspectorates:
• 270 field units
• 12 border inspection posts
Human resources
 The Head Office – 70 employees
 Voivodeship Inspectorates – 2,330 employees
(BIPs – 90 employees)
Totally approx. 2,400 employees
Voivodeship Inspectorates
Border Inspection Posts where phytosanitary control is carried out
Russia
Lithuania
Gdynia
Świnoujście (port)
(port)
Braniewo
(rail)
Bezledy (road)
Gdańsk
(port)
Szczecin
Kuźnica Białostocka (road, rail)
(port)
Bobrowniki
(road)
Belarus
Germany
Warszawa
(airport)
Koroszczyn (road)
Małaszewicze (rail)
Dorohusk (road, rail)
Hrubieszów (rail)
Korczowa (road)
Czech
Republic
Slovakia
Ukraine
Central Computer Database System
Since 2007 all organisational units of the Service are covered
by Central Computer System along with operational systems
and central database updated on a daily basis.
PHYTOSANITARY DIAGNOSTICS
is an essential field of acivity
of the Polish State Plant Health
and Seed Inspection Service
Three-level diagnostic activity:
 workstations at:
field units - 270
border inspection posts - 12
 Voivodeship Laboratories - 16
 Central Laboratory of MIPHSI
Quality management in SPHSIS laboratories
 SPHSIS laboratories constantly develop their quality
management system
 9 accredited laboratories (including the Central Laboratory)
 In the other laboratories the accreditation proccess is in
progress
Potato production in Poland
Potato production area in 2011
Seed
5,307 ha
Ware
487,623 ha
Total
492,930 ha
EU potato production area – 2,043,755 ha
Poland is the biggest potato producer in the EU
(produces some 25% of the total production)
Potato production in Poland
 Potato growth area constitutes 3,7% of the total cultivated
area in Poland (20 years ago it was ca. 20%)
 Downward trend – less potatoes produced each year, but
the situation seems to have got stabilised recently
 Average yield per ha in dt is 191 – similar to previous years
(EU average = 300, increasing over the years).
Potato production in Poland – terytorial diversity of cultivated area
structure
Source: Central Statistical Office
Potato production in Poland
Source: Central Statistical Office
93,1% of total potato production area takes place on farms < 1 ha
Potato production in Poland
 One cultivation cycle (planting usually in late March and
April, harvesting from June to October, depending on the
variety)
 Low percentage of certified seed potatoes use – farm saved
seeds are the most popular
 Exchange of farm saved seeds between neighbours is
common
 Irrigation is not common and concerns only some 5% of
potato production
 Professional producers usually use certified seeds (either
domestically produced or brought from other MS)
Potato bacteria national surveys programme
History background
 Regular surveys for the potato bacteria started in Poland
in the 90-ies. Before that time, no regular testing had
been carried out and the situation was not well known.
Only some research indicated that there might be a
serious problem with Cms.
 Surveys have been continuously intensified. In particular,
a big step forward had to be taken shortly before
accession (a significant increase of survey efforts).
 Surveys and testing methods had to be harmonised with
EU requirements.
Surveys programme
 The NPPO is the authority fully responsible for
surveys.
 In case of potatoes the surveys generally include
testing for both CMS and Ralstonia in the same time.
 For Ralstonia – expands also on tomatoes, wild hosts
(like Solanum dulcamara) and surface waters
(including waste water).
Range of potato control
 ware potatoes – min. 10% of registered producers inspected
every year
 seed potatoes – 100% of lots
 other potatoes from farms cultivating seed potatoes – 100%
of lots
 potatoes for export to EU – 100% of lots
 potatoes for export to third countries – according to
regulations in country of destination
 Potatoes in trade – imported from EU and third countries –
monitoring
 breeding material – 100%
 other potatoes from units cultivating breeding material –
100% of lots
SAMPLING
 One sample is taken from 25 tonnes of tubers
 Standard sample size is 200 tubers per test
 In case of potatoes for export to the other EU
countries a sample consists of 400 tubers (special
requirement for Poland)
 Samples are taken after harvest by field inspectors
The scheme for detection and identificaton
of Ralstonia solacearum
sample of potato tubers
extraction and concentration of the
pathogen
FIRST SCREENING TEST
IF test
If the first screening test is positive
sample is sent to Central Laboratory
for further analysis
Part of laboratory
analysis done in
Voivodeship Laboratories
Samples are tested for
the presence of R.sol.
and Cms in parallel
The scheme for detection and identificaton
of Ralstonia solacearum
SECOND SCREENING TEST
FISH or PCR
selective isolation and/or bioassay
The rest of tests, if
required, are conducted in
Central Laboratory
colonies with typical morphology
purify by subculture
IDENTIFICATION TESTS
PATHOGENICITY TEST
Inoculation of tomato plants
both tests confirm pure culture as R.sol.
sample infected by R.sol.
R.sol. on SMSA and YPGA
Number of samples tested for Cms and R.sol.
Cms
R.sol.
No. of
samples
No. of
possitive
samples
2006/07
19, 740
0
9,5
2007/08
20, 008
0
1,588
9,1
2008/09
16, 902
0
16, 767
1,128
6,73
2009/10
16, 773
0
15 ,281
983
6,43
2010/11
15 ,451
0
No. of
samples
No. of.
possitive
samples
% of
possitive
samples
2006/07
19, 982
2,433
12.2
2007/08
20, 195
1,911
2008/09
17, 413
2009/10
2010/11
Density of sampling for laboratory testing for R. sol.
Seed potatoes
Ware potatoes
Area
(ha)
No. of
samples
Sampling
density
(ha per
sample)
2006
crop
5,440
6,192
0.9
1.8
713,112
13,548
52.6
73.2
2007
crop
5,734
7,550
0.8
1.8
605,901
12,538
48.3
75.1
2008
crop
5,611
6,517
0.9
1.9
569,910
10,385
54.9
72.9
2009
crop
5,078
7,231
0.7
1.9
494,362
9,542
51.8
74.0
2010
crop
5,307
6,908
0.8
1.9
487,623
8,543
57.1
83.1
Sampling
density
EU average
Area
(ha)
No. of
samples
Sampling
density
(ha per
sample)
Sampling
density
EU average
Surveys include visual examination of other R. solanacearum
host plants, principally tomatoes and some ornamentals
(e.g. Pelargonium). For example, in 2011 the total of 385
inspections were carried out to examine over 6 millions of
tomato plants. Samples for laboratory analyses are taken in
cases of suspicion.
Water analysis
SAMPLING
Samples are taken from 3 occasions per
a sampling point, each sample consisting of
two replicated sub-samples of 30 ml .
Samples are taken from:
 surface water (used for irrigation or in the
vicinity of potato or tomato cultivated
area)
 sewage treatment plants
 potato processing factories
Additionaly samples of Solanum
dulcamara are taken if it is present in
the vicinity of water sampling points.
Water analysis
 Times of sampling:
 May/June
 August – since 2011 in August samples are taken only in
6 Voivodeships (southern ones)
 All samples are tested in the Central Laboratory.
 Samples are taken by field inspectors on fixed dates
according to a schedule prepared by the Central Laboratory,
delivered to the Central Laboratory and subjected to testing
within 24h.
Petri dish filler in the Central Laboratory
Number of samples tested in years 2007-2011
Number of samples:
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Water
2,871
5,674
2,788
5,188
1,922
Solanum dulcamara
1
1
1
2
1
First finding of Ralstonia solanacearum in Poland
Ralstonia solacearum was detected in a water sample taken
from sewage effluents in Nowy Sącz (Voivodeship
Malopolskie) in May 2011.
Since the sewage treatment plant of interest collects sewage
from a large area and also sludge from smaller sewer
treatment plants in the area, no definite source of infection
could be found.
Site of Ralstonia detection
R. solanacearum control programme for 2012-2014
After extensive investigation on the origin and the spread of the
organism, in consultation with EU experts, the R.sol. control programme
for years 2012-2014 was elaborated.
The programme concerns two districts in the Malopolskie Voivodeship.
It includes:
 information about range of possible spread of the organism
 guidelines on sampling points and sampling frequency
 specifications on additional actions that should be taken in the area i.e.:
•intensified monitoring of farms cultivating potatoes and tomatoes
•inspections on occurence of other R.sol. hosts with roots/stems under
water
•Information campaign addressed to public
•gathering documentation on actions taken and results
Quarantine bacteria of potato
– situation in Poland
 Until 2011 R. sol. had never been found in Poland.
In 2011 - one finding of R. sol. in surface water
 Cms is a serious problem, some ¾ contaminated lots in
EU are found in Poland, but there is a continuous
progress in controlling of this bacteria
Ralstonia solanacearum and Clavibacter
michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus are under strict
statutory control laid down in Council Directives
(COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2006/63/EC of 14 July
2006 and COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2006/56/EC of 12
June 2006 respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
 The surveys programme for potato bacteria in Poland is one of the
most intensive in the EU
 It covers all possible sources of possible infestation (i.e.
potatotes, other host plants and surface water)
 The programme allows for early detection of the relevant bacteria
 Almost 10-year experience in testing for R. solanacearum allows
for the conclusion that until 2010 the country could be considered
free of R. solanacearum
 Case of a single and first detection in 2011 indicates that the plant
health services must be vigilant and survey efforts cannot be
reduced despite of the lack of findings
CONCLUSIONS
 Even a single finding changes the situation of the country and its
phytosanitary status and forces the plant health services to
intensify measures
 In case of a finding in surface water it is generally very difficult to
find a source of contamination
 It is therefore very important that appropriate measures are taken
once the pathogen has been found
 Control measures are very well specified in the potato control
directives. For R. solanacearum it is Commission Directive
2006/63/EC of 14 July 2006.
CONCLUSIONS
 To obtain the status of a country with a reliable control system it is
important to carry out regular surveys for the presence of
R. solanacearum (as required by Commission Directive 2006/63/EC
of 14 July 2006 ) and, in case of a finding, immediately impose
control measures as laid down in the Directive.
 It is also important to immediately inform the Commission and the
other Member States of such a finding and to report regularly on
results of surveys (before 1 June each year).
Thank You
For Your Attention