Transcript Calcium absorption and Bone Health

Health Benefits of Inulin & Oligofructose
with emphasis on Bone Health
SYNBIOTIC VIABILITY
Nutraceuticals Seminar
Food and Drink Innovation Network
March 15 2006, UK
Douwina BOSSCHER, PhD
Manager Nutrition Research
ORAFTI Group
Contents
1.
Introduction to Pre-, Pro- and Synbiotics
Inulin and Oligofructose:
2.
To enhance Probiotic Viability
3.
To improve Bone Health
Introduction
Prebiotics
• PREbiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect
the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a
limited number of bacteria in the colon which improve host health.
(Gibson et al. 2004 Nutr. Res. Rev. 17: 259-275)
• Properties that has to be fulfilled before classification:
• Resistance to gastric acidity, no hydrolysis and/or absorption in
gastro-intestinal tract.
• Fermentation by the intestinal microflora.
• Selective stimulation of growth and/or activity of a limited number of
beneficial intestinal bacteria (associated with health and well-being)
(confirmation in randomised, double-blind and placebo-controlled
human studies)
Inulin and oligofructose
(Cichorium Intybus)
INULIN SOURCE
(by water extraction)
75% water
17% inulin
8% others
SALAD
«WITLOOF»
«BELGIAN ENDIVES»
(2nd year growth
in the dark)
COFFEE SUBSTITUTE
(by roasting)
Natural Extraction Process
Extraction
Partial
hydrolysis
Inulin
(hot water)
Oligofructose
(enzymatic)
GFn
GFn and Fn
Chicory roots
> 400.000 T/year
15-17% inulin
DP = 3 - 60
Glucose
ß(2-1)
Fructose
DP = 2 - 8
Reducing fructose
DP = Degree of Polymerisation
ß(2-1)
Colonic Fermentation
Prebiotics
Selective fermentation by intestinal microflora
10%
40%
BACTERIAL
BIOMASS
50%
SCFA
lactic
acid
acetic acid
propionic acid
butyric acid
GASES : CO2, H2, CH4
Exhalation
Flatulence
Excretion
Energy:
Inulin: 1,0 kcal/g
Oligofructose: 1,5 kcal/g
Bifidobacteria (Log10/g faeces)
Inulin and Oligofructose
Prebiotic (bifidogenic) Effect
Human volunteer trials
11
10.5
10
9.5
9
8.5
8
7.5
7
6.5
6
Control
Inulin/Oligofruc tose
OSE
15 g
OSE
8g
OSE INE INE
5g
20 g
15 g
INE
8g
Gibson et al., 1995; Menne et al., 2000; Rao et al., 2001; Tuohy et al., 2001;
Kleessen., 1997
Probiotics and Synbiotics
• PRObiotics are live microorganisms, which when
administered in adequate amounts confer a health
benefit on the host (FAO, 2002).
• SYNbiotics are a combination of prebiotics and
probiotics.
Prebiotics, Probiotics and
Synbiotics
PROBIOTICS
SYNBIOTICS
Living
bacteria
in the diet
STOMACH
Survival
SMALL
INTESTINE
PREBIOTICS
Oligofructose
and/or Inulin
in the diet
Each gram
of fructan
ingested
COLON
Fixation
Activity
Stimulation of
Exogenous beneficial
endogenous
bacteria
bacteria
Excretion
Total transfer
to the colon
Stimulates
bifidobacteria
lactobacilli
Health Benefits of
Prebiotics and Probiotics
(dependent on current research results)
* Strain dependent (incl. viability and ability to colonize)
Condition
PREBIOTICS
PROBIOTICS*
Gut Health (bifidogenic)


Gut Function
(diarrhoea, constipation and
pathogen resistance)


Calcium absorption and
Bone Health
Immune stimulation
(inflammation, allergy)




Colonic cancer


Lactose intolerance


Hypocholesterolaemia


Hypolipidaemia


Synbiotic Approach
• Prebiotics to enhance viability of probiotic bacteria in foods (e.g.
during storage).
• Prebiotics to enhance survival and viability of probiotic bacteria
during gastro-intestinal passage (stomach and small intestine).
• Prebiotics to enhance colonisation and adherence of probiotic
bacteria in the large intestine.
• Synergistic approach of the health benefits of prebiotics and
probiotics (e.g. butyric acid production).
• Combinations of the health benefits of prebiotics and probiotics.
Inulin and oligofructose to
Enhance Probiotic Viability
Effect of oligofructose on the microflora of an ABT-type
fermented milk during refrigerated storage
Varga et al. 2003 Milchwissenschaft 58: 55-58
• Fermented Acidophilus-Bifidus-Thermophilus (ABT milks)
• ABT-5 starter culture
• With oligofructose (BeneoTMP95) (1, 3 and 5% w/v) or without
(control)
• Storage at 4°C for 6 wks
• Survival (%) by plate counts
Effect of oligofructose on the microflora of an ABTtype fermented milk during refrigerated storage
Varga, L. et al. 2003 Milchwissenschaft 58: 55-58b
Control
Oligofructose (1%)
Oligofructose (3%)
Oligofructose (5%)
100
90
80
*
Survival (%)
70
* P< 0.05
*
*
*
*
60
*
*
50
*
40
*
30
*
*
20
*
*
*
10
*
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Storage time (weeks)
•
Addition of oligofructose showed a SIGNIFICANTLY BENEFICIAL EFFECT on the
SURVIVAL (viability) of BIFIDOBACTERIA (probiotic) when compared to the control
(P<0.05). The more oligofructose present, the more pronounced the effect was.
Survival and Activity of probiotic Lactobacilli
in Skim Milk Containing Prebiotics
Desai et al. 2004 Food Microbiology and Safety 69: 57-60
65
*
60
*
55
Reconstituted skim milk (12%) with
lactobacilli (1x107cfu/ml)
•
With oligofructose (BeneoTMP95)
(5% w/v) or without (control)
•
Storage at 4°C for 4 wks
•
Viability (%) (by plate counts)
*
50
*
45
*
*
40
35
Control
Oligofructose
30
25
* P < 0.05
20
15
10
5
ei
as
ra
c
se
i
ae
L.
ze
se
i
s
L.
ca
no
su
L.
ca
L.
pa
L.
rh
am
se
i
0
L.
ca
Viability (%)
•
• VIABILITY of LACTOBACILLI
(probiotic) in skimmed milk was
SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCED
by the presence of
OLIGOFRUCTOSE when
compared to the control
(P<0.05).
Conclusions
• There exist clear beneficial prebiotic-probiotic
interactions in finished food products
• The use of prebiotics improves the viability of
probiotic bacteria in finished food products
Examples of
Synbiotic Food Products
“… probiotic and prebiotic together form a powerful combination that can help
to maintain a healthy digestive system. Probiotic + prebiotic = synbiotic …” “
…one little bottle of probiotic and prebiotic, leave you smiling on the inside.”
“.. Synbiotic yogurt contains prebiotic
soluble fibre which supports the
growth of probiotic Bifidobacteria
BB12 and Lactobacillus to
strengthen your body’s
natural defence system…”
“… contains prebiotic active fibre
which
supports the growth of probiotic
bifido cultures …”
Inulin and Oligofructose to
Improve Bone Health
Optimization of Calcium Absorption & Bone
Formation During Early Puberty
Bone Mineral Density
During Life Cycle
Maximising ‘Peak Bone Mass’ can
postpone osteoporosis in later life
Bone Mineral
Density
Women after menopause loose
± 10% of bone mass per decade
Vertebra at 30
years old
0
10
20
30
40
DANGER
ZONE
Vertebra at 60
years old
50
60
70
80
Years
Inulin and oligofructose to
Enhance Bone Health
A combination of prebiotic short- and long-chain
inulin-type fructans enhances calcium
absorption and bone mineralization in young
adolescents
Abrams et al. 2005 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82: 471-476
•
Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Houston
•
Randomized, double-blind, case-control
intervention trial
•
Habitual intake 900-1000 mg Ca/day
•
Long-term intervention study (1y)
•
8 g/d prebiotic (BeneoTMSynergy1) vs. control
(maltodextrin) (Ca-fortified orange juice)
•
Dual stable isotopes (46Ca/42Ca) (48-h urine
collection)
•
DXA
Fructans
Chain Length Distribution
Enriched Inulin (BeneoTMSynergy1)
12
10
Oligofructose
20
Inulin
30
60
Degree of
Polymerisation
Inulin and Oligofructose
Increase Calcium absorption
40,0
True Ca absorption (%)
38,0
* P <0.001
**
*
** P<0.05
36,0
34,0
32,0
30,0
Synergy1
28,0
0
2
4
6
8
Control
10
12
Time (months)
• Calcium absorption after 2 mo and 1 y was significantly higher in the
Synergy1 group than in the controls (resp. P<0.001 and P < 0.05)
Inulin and Oligofructose
Improve Bone Mineralization
* P < 0.05
0,06
300
*
250
0,05
Change in WBBMC (g/y)
Change in WBBMD (g/cm2/y)
*
0,04
0,03
0,02
0,01
200
150
100
50
0,00
0
Control
Synergy1
Control
Synergy1
• Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were
significantly higher in the Synergy1 group than in the controls (P < 0.05)
Conclusions
• Addition of Synergy1 (8 g/d) improved calcium absorption by
20% and the effect was observed during the whole
supplementation period (1 y)
• Long-term supplementation with Synergy1 (8 g/d) improved
bone mineral density (BMD) (+ 5%) and bone mineral content
(BMC)
• Long-term results are in accordance with earlier (short-term)
observations in adolescent girls (Griffin et al., 2002; 2003) and
post-menopausal women (Holloway et al., in press) showing an
increased calcium (and magnesium) absorption with Synergy1.