Transcript Dairy Cattle

VT DAIRY CATTLE
V ETERINARY S CIENCE P ROGRAM
DAIRY MANAGEMENT
• INTENSIVE
• MODERNIZED
• BIG BUSINESS
• PRIMARY PRODUCT IS
MILK
• DAIRY FARM
FOOD PRODUCTION
• MAJOR PRODUCERS OF
HUMAN FOOD
• MILK
• CHEESE
• YOGURT
• VEAL
• OTHER MEAT
• STEERS
• CULLED COWS HAMBURGER
FOOD PRODUCTION
• AVERAGE MILK
PRODUCTION PER
COW/YEAR
•
AROUND
18,000 LBS
• 300 DAYS IN MILK
• WHAT IS 18,000 LBS OF
MILK IN GALLONS?
•
CAN BE AS HIGH AS
80,000 LBS
FOOD PRODUCTION
• VEAL
•
FROM YOUNG MALE
CALVES
•
ONLY HAVE EATEN MILK
• BEEF
• ”CULL” COWS THAT ARE
NO LONGER PRODUCTIVE
BREEDS OF DAIRY COWS
• THREE MOST COMMON
BREEDS IN U.S.
• HOLSTEIN
• JERSEY
• BROWN SWISS
• HOLSTEIN IS BY FAR
THE MOST COMMON
AND BIGGEST MILK
PRODUCER
HOLSTEIN
• AVERAGE MILK
PRODUCTION PER COW
IS 23,675 LBS. PER
YEAR
• 3.63 PERCENT FAT
CONTENT
• COWS WEIGH 1,500
LBS. AT MATURITY
JERSEY
• AVERAGE MILK
PRODUCTION PER COW
IS 16,306 LBS. PER
YEAR
• 4.62 PERCENT FAT
CONTENT
• COWS WEIGH 950 LBS.
AT MATURITY
GUERNSEY
• AVERAGE MILK
PRODUCTION PER COW
IS 14,667 LBS. PER
YEAR
• 4.4 PERCENT FAT
CONTENT
AYRSHIRE
• AVERAGE MILK
PRODUCTION PER COW
IS 12,000 LBS. PER
YEAR
• 3.9 PERCENT FAT
CONTENT
• COWS WEIGH 1,200
LBS. AT MATURITY
BROWN SWISS
• AVERAGE MILK
PRODUCTION PER COW
IS 19,385 LBS. PER
YEAR
• 3.98 PERCENT FAT
CONTENT
• COWS WEIGH 1,500
LBS. AT MATURITY
MILKING SHORTHORN
• AVERAGE MILK
PRODUCTION PER COW
IS 16,098 LBS. PER
YEAR
• 3.55 PERCENT FAT
CONTENT
• COWS WEIGH 1,400
LBS. AT MATURITY
HOUSING FOR DAIRY CATTLE
• COWS PREFER COOL
TEMPERATURES
•
BUT NOT VERY, VERY
COLD
• OPTIMAL MILK
PRODUCTION
• DRY
• CLEAN
FREE-STALL HOUSING
• COW PICKS STALL
• CAN COME AND GO
• WELL BEDDED AND
CLEAN (SAND, WOOD
CHIPS)
• WALKWAY (MANURE
COLLECTION)
• FED IN A SEPARATE
AREA
LOOSE HOUSING
• OPEN BARN
• FED IN ONE AREA
• COW CAN ROAM AND
LAY WHEREVER THEY
PLEASE
COMFORT STALL-TIE BARN
• COW HAS THEIR OWN
STALL (ASSIGNED)
• TIED OR HEAD CAUGHT
• WELL BEDDED AND
CLEAN
• MANURE COLLECTS IN
GUTTER BEHIND COW
OPEN LOT
• USUALLY NOT FOR
COWS “IN MILK”
• DIRT LOTS
• FED IN ONE CONCRETE
BUNKER
• LOW COST
DAIRY CATTLE NUTRITION
• COMPLEX AND TIGHTLY
CONTROLLED
• DAIRY COWS USE AND
THEREFORE REQUIRE A LOT
OF ENERGY
• PRECISE MIXTURE OF
PROTEIN, CARBOHYDRATES,
FATS, VITAMINS AND
MINERALS
• “SILAGE”
• MUST HAVE LOTS OF
WATER AVAILABLE
DAIRY CATTLE NUTRITION
• 6 BASIC CLASSES OF
NUTRIENTS:
• WATER
• CARBOHYDRATES
• FATS
• PROTEINS
• VITAMINS
• MINERALS
DAIRY CATTLE NUTRITION
• WATER:
• MOST CRITICAL NUTRIENT!
• HELPS IN METABOLIC REACTIONS
• ASSISTS IN TRANSPORTING
OTHER NUTRIENTS
• HELPS MAINTAIN NORMAL BODY
TEMPERATURE
•
GIVES BODY ITS PHYSICAL
SHAPE (MAJOR COMPONENT
WITHIN CELLS)
•
DAIRY REQUIRE
GALLONS/DAY
25 – 29
DAIRY CATTLE NUTRITION
• STAGES OF NUTRITION
•
•
•
•
CALF
WEANED HEIFER
LACTATING COW
DRY COW
FEEDING THE CALF
• NUTRITIONAL NEEDS ARE
MOST CRUCIAL
IMMEDIATELY AFTER
BIRTH
• CALF IS BORN WITH
LITTLE OR NO
PROTECTION AGAINST
DISEASE
• COLOSTRUM
• FIRST MILK SECRETED BY
THE COW AFTER GIVING
BIRTH
• BEST SOURCE OF
NUTRIENTS FOR THE CALF
• PROVIDES ANTIBODIES
THAT WILL HELP DEVELOP
RESISTANCE TO DISEASES
AND INFECTIONS
• 12 TO 15% OF BODY
WEIGHT THE FIRST 24
HOURS
FEEDING THE CALF
• EARLY RATION
• WHOLE MILK
• 8 TO 10% OF THEIR
BIRTH WEIGHT EACH
DAY
• A 90 LB CALF WOULD BE
FED 7.2 TO 9 LB OF MILK
DAILY
• A HEALTHY CALF CAN
BE TAKEN OFF THE MILK
DIET COMPLETELY
WHEN IT IS 8 – 10
WEEKS OLD
• PROVIDED THAT IT HAS
BEGUN EATING A
BALANCED GRAIN MIXTURE
FEEDING THE CALF
• WEANING
• THE PROCESS OF
CHANGING THE CALF’S
DIET FROM MILK TO
WATER, GRAIN, AND
FORAGES
• EARLY WEANING OCCURS
WHEN CALVES BEGIN
EATING A STARTER RATION
AT A YOUNG AGE
• STARTER RATIONS
• PALATABLE
• COARSELY-TEXTURED
• PELLETED
TYPICAL CALF STARTER RATION
COARSELY GROUND CORN
45 LBS
CRUSHED OR ROLLED OATS
27 LBS
SOYBEAN MEAL
20 LBS
MOLASSES
15 LBS
DICALCIUM PHOSPHATE
2 LBS
TRACE MINERALIZED SALTS
1 LB
ALSO ADD:
VITAMIN A
140 TO 300 I.U. PER #STARTER
VITAMIN D
AT LEAST 1000 I.U. PER
#STARTER
FEEDING THE CALF
• WEANING
• 1½ TO 2 LBS OF
STARTER A DAY
• GOOD QUALITY FORAGE
• HELPS DEVELOP A FULLY
FUNCTIONAL RUMEN
• DOUBLE THE BIRTH
WEIGHT BY DAY 56
FEEDING THE HEIFER
• FEED FOR THE HEIFER
CAN BE DIVIDED INTO
2 GROUPS:
•
FORAGES
• GRASS
• HAY
• SILAGE
•
CONCENTRATES
• CORN
• OATS
• SOYBEANS
FEEDING THE HEIFER
• HEIFERS NEED
SUPPLEMENTAL GRAIN
REGARDLESS OF TYPE
OF FORAGE FED
• SHOULD HAVE A HIGH
PROTEIN LEVEL
• THE AMOUNT OF GRAIN
FED WILL DEPEND ON:
•
•
AGE
FORAGE QUALITY
FEEDING THE HEIFER
• THE OBJECTIVE OF A
PROPER FEEDING
PROGRAM FOR HEIFERS
IS TO ENCOURAGE
RAPID GROWTH
WITHOUT EXCESSIVE
FATTENING
• PERIODICALLY CHECK
THE WEIGHT OF THE
HEIFERS TO EVALUATE
THE FEEDING PROGRAM
GOALS OF A SUCCESSFUL FEEDING PROGRAM
• OPTIMIZE MILK YIELD
• PRODUCE DESIRABLE
MILK COMPONENTS
• MAXIMIZE RUMEN
MICROBIAL YIELD
• STIMULATE DRY
MATTER INTAKE
• PRODUCE KEY
NUTRIENTS FOR
MAMMARY GLAND
SYNTHESIS
• IMPROVE GROWTH
• MINIMIZE WEIGHT LOSS
• REDUCE EFFECTS OF
HEAT STRESS
• IMPROVE HEALTH
TOTAL MIXED RATION (TMR)
• METHOD OF FEEDING
COWS THAT COMBINES
ALL INTO A SINGLE
FEED MIX
•
•
•
•
•
•
FORAGES
GRAINS
PROTEIN
MINERALS
VITAMINS
FEED ADDITIVES
ADVANTAGES - TOTAL MIXED RATION
(TMR)
• A COW EATS A
NUTRIENT BALANCED
RATION IN EVERY BITE
OR MOUTHFUL SHE
CONSUMES
• RISK OF DIGESTIVE
• PROVIDES MORE
CONTROL AND
ACCURACY
• INCREASES MILK
PRODUCTION 1 – 2.5
KG/COW/DAY
UPSETS IS REDUCED
• TMR MIXERS CAN
REDUCE THE WORK OF
FEEDING COWS AND
SAVE LABOR COSTS
• MILK FAT CAN
INCREASE BECAUSE OF
BETTER RUMEN
FERMENTATION
DISADVANTAGES - TOTAL MIXED RATION
(TMR)
• WITH TMR ALL COWS
GET THE SAME RATION
• TO CORRECTLY FEED
TMR, A MIXER IS
NEEDED
• EXPENSIVE
• DRY FORAGES SUCH AS
HAY OR STRAW ARE
NOT MIXED VERY WELL
IN SOME TMR MIXERS
TOTAL MIXED RATION MIXERS
FEEDING THE DRY COW
• PURPOSE OF DRY
PERIOD
• ALLOW THE COW’S
UDDER AN OPPORTUNITY
TO REGENERATE
SECRETORY TISSUE
• ALLOW THE DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM TO RECOVER
FROM THE STRESS OF
HIGH LEVELS OF FEED
INTAKE
LENGTH OF DRY PERIOD
• OPTIMUM LENGTH OF THE DRY PERIOD MAY VARY FROM ONE
COW TO ANOTHER
• GENERAL RECOMMENDATION IS 45 – 60 DAYS
• DRY PERIODS LESS THAN 45 DAYS OR GREATER THAN 60
DAYS = LESS MILK PRODUCTION IN THE NEXT LACTATION
DRYING OFF THE COW
• RECOMMENDED METHOD OF DRYING OFF IS TO
STOP MILKING ABRUPTLY
• THE PRESSURE OF THE MILK IN THE UDDER
ACTUALLY ASSISTS IN THE DRYING OFF PROCESS
• REDUCING FEED INTAKE BY 50 – 70% WILL
DRASTICALLY REDUCE THE SUPPLY OF NUTRIENTS
AVAILABLE TO THE UDDER, CAUSING MILK
SYNTHESIS TO DECREASE
FEEDING THE DRY COW
• DURING THE DRY PERIOD, COWS SHOULD BE
MAINTAINED IN GOOD BODY CONDITION
• THIN COWS WILL NEED TO BE FED ENOUGH TO RESTORE
THEIR BODY FLESH, PLUS THE BUILD UP OF SOME BODY
RESERVES
• COWS ALLOWED TO FATTEN IN EXCESS DURING THE DRY
PERIOD ARE MORE SUBJECT TO:
•
•
•
DISPLACED ABOMASUM
UDDER EDEMA
KETOSIS
FEEDING THE DRY COW
• PRIMARY GOALS FOR FEEDING THE DRY COW FROM DRY OFF
TO 3 WEEKS PRIOR TO CALVING INCLUDE:
•
•
•
•
MAINTAINING OPTIMUM DIETARY FIBER CONTENT
LIMIT ENERGY INTAKE
AVOID OVERFEEDING PROTEIN
MEET MINERAL AND VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS
FEEDING THE DRY COW
• DRY COWS MUST BE SEPARATED FROM THE
MILKING HERD IN ORDER TO BE FED PROPERLY
• FORAGE INTAKE SHOULD BE A MINIMUM OF 1.0%
OF BODY WEIGHT
• IDEAL ROUGHAGE SOURCES FOR THE DRY PERIOD
INCLUDE:
• COARSE HAYS
• GRASS
• GRASS – LEGUME MIXTURES
HANDLING/RESTRAINT FOR DAIRY CATTLE
•
•
•
•
•
DAIRY COWS ARE EASILY TRAINED AND EASY TO HANDLE
CAN BE LED WITH HALTERS
EASILY MANAGED WITH CHUTES AND GATES
KNOW WHICH STALL IS THEIRS
GET USED TO THE “ROUTINE” OF A MILKING OPERATION
IDENTIFICATION OF DAIRY CATTLE
• IDENTIFICATION IS
ESSENTIAL FOR
RECORD KEEPING IN A
DAIRY OPERATION
•
BREEDING, MILKING,
HEAT DETECTION
• IDEALLY
• PERMANENT
• EASILY VISIBLE AT ALL
TIMES
• EASY TO UNDERSTAND
IDENTIFICATION OF DAIRY CATTLE
• TYPES
•
•
•
•
•
•
ANKLE TAG
NECK COLLAR
EAR TAG
TATTOOS
BRANDS
ELECTRONIC
THE MILKING PROCESS
• MILKING PARLOR
• MOVE HEIFERS WITH
EXPERIENCED COWS
• SHOULD BE EASY FOR
THE COWS AND STRESS
FREE
• RESTRAINT MAY BE
NECESSARY FOR
HEIFERS
• MOST DAIRY
OPERATIONS HAVE
MACHINE MILKING
MILKING PARLOR
THE MILKING PROCESS
• EACH TEAT SHOULD BE
WIPED CLEAN
• INDIVIDUAL TOWEL FOR
EACH ANIMAL
• APPLY ANTISEPTIC
• USUALLY IODINE, LET IT
SIT FOR 30 SECONDS
• WIPE AGAIN
• INDIVIDUAL TOWEL FOR
EACH ANIMAL
THE MILKING PROCESS
• MAKE SURE MILK IS LET
DOWN
• NEWER MACHINES
ADJUST PRESSURE TO
INSURE THIS
• APPLY MILKER
• REMOVE MILKER WHEN
DONE
• NEWER MACHINES WILL
AUTOMATICALLY RELEASE
WHEN THE MILK STOPS
FLOWING
SANITATION OF MILKING EQUIPMENT
• ALWAYS CLEAN AND
SANITIZE THE MILKING
EQUIPMENT BETWEEN
MILKINGS
• REDUCE THE INCIDENCE
OF MASTITIS
• CLEAN MILK FOR THE
CONSUMER
THE MILKING PROCESS
MILKING
MACHINE
GROCERY
STORE
PROCESSING
PLANT
BULK TANK
TRAILER
TANK
“DRYING OFF”
• STOP MILKING THE
COW
• INJECT ALL TEATS WITH
ANTIBIOTICS (DRY COW
TREATMENT)
• PUT IN WITH OTHER
DRY COWS
• REDUCE HER RATION
VITAL SIGNS
• TEMPERATURE: 100.4102.8 F
• PULSE: 60-70 BPM
• RESPIRATION: 10-30
RPM
• MUCOUS MEMBRANES:
< 2 SEC, PINK & WET
ANATOMY
Withers
Tailhead
Poll
Hip
Girth
Flank
Brisket
Hock
Udder
Dew Claw
Pastern
UDDER ANATOMY
DISEASES OF DAIRY CATTLE
V ETERINARY S CIENCE P ROGRAM
ENTERIC (DIGESTIVE) DISEASES
V ETERINARY S CIENCE P ROGRAM
DISPLACED ABOMASUM IN CATTLE
• THE ABOMASUM
NORMALLY LIES ON THE
FLOOR OF THE
ABDOMEN
• WHEN FILLED WITH GAS
IT CAN RISE TO THE TOP
OF THE ABDOMEN, WHEN
IT IS SAID TO BE
‘DISPLACED’
• MORE LIKELY TO BE
DISPLACED TO THE
LEFT (LDA) THAN THE
RIGHT (RDA)
DISPLACED ABOMASUM IN CATTLE
• CAUSE
• CALVING
• MAJORITY OF CASES OCCUR SOON AFTER CALVING
• DURING PREGNANCY THE UTERUS DISPLACES THE ABOMASUM, SO
THAT AFTER CALVING THE ABOMASUM HAS TO MOVE BACK TO ITS
NORMAL POSITION, INCREASING THE RISK OF DISPLACEMENT
• ATONY OF THE ABOMASUM
• IF THE ABOMASUM STOPS CONTRACTING AND TURNING OVER ITS
CONTENTS, ACCUMULATION OF GAS WILL OCCUR AND THE
ABOMASUM WILL TEND TO MOVE UP THE ABDOMEN\
• THIS TENDS TO BE A CAUSE OF INADEQUATE NUTRITION
DISPLACED ABOMASUM IN CATTLE
• CLINICAL SIGNS
•
•
•
•
LOSS OF APPETITE
DROP IN MILK YIELD
REDUCED RUMINATION
MILD DIARRHEA
DISPLACED ABOMASUM IN CATTLE
• TREATMENT
• REPLACING THE
ABOMASUM IN ITS
NORMAL POSITION
• TACKING THE ABOMASUM
TO THE BODY WALL
DISPLACED ABOMASUM IN CATTLE
• TREATMENT
• CASTING AND ROLLING
THE ANIMAL ONTO ITS
BACK, PERMITTING THE
ABOMASUM TO "FLOAT"
BACK INTO ITS NORMAL
POSITION
• TOGGLING
• A TOGGLE IS PASSED
THROUGH THE SKIN INTO
THE ABDOMEN AND
TWISTED FIXING THE
ABOMASUM IN THE
CORRECT POSITION
DISPLACED ABOMASUM IN CATTLE
• PREVENTION
• ENSURING DRY MATTER INTAKE IS MAINTAINED IN EARLY
•
LACTATION
ENSURE CATTLE ARE NOT TOO FAT AT CALVING (I.E.
>3.5
BCS)
• FEED HIGH QUALITY FEEDS, WITH GOOD QUALITY FORAGE
• FEEDING A TOTAL MIXED RATION AS OPPOSED TO
•
•
•
•
CONCENTRATES
ENSURE PLENTY OF SPACE AT FEEDING SITES
MINIMIZE CHANGES BETWEEN LATE DRY AND EARLY
LACTATION RATION
PREVENT AND PROMPTLY TREAT OTHER DISEASES
MAXIMIZE COW COMFORT, MINIMIZE STRESS
CALF SCOURS
• MOST IMPORTANT DISEASE
PROBLEM IN DAIRY CALVES
• CAUSES MORE FINANCIAL
LOSS TO THE CALF
PRODUCER THAN ANY
OTHER SYNDROME
• ROTAVIRUS IS MOST
COMMON CAUSE OF
DIARRHEA
• SEVERE DIARRHEA MORE
COMMON IF E. COLI,
CORONAVIRUS OR
CRYPTOSPORIDIA ARE
PRESENT
CALF SCOURS
• PREVENTION OF CALF SCOURS
• MAXIMIZING HYGIENE
•
•
•
•
•
REDUCES THE SPREAD OF DISEASE BETWEEN CALVES
ENSURE THAT BEDDING IS CLEAN AND DRY
DON’T MIX DIFFERENT AGES OF CALVES
REMOVE SICK CALVES TO A SICK PEN AS SOON AS POSSIBLE
USE AN ALL-IN, ALL-OUT POLICY WITH DISINFECTION BETWEEN
GROUPS
• COLOSTRUM
CALF SCOURS
• TREATMENT
• FLUID THERAPY
• MAIN PROBLEM IN SCOURING
CALVES IS LOSS OF BODY
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTES
• PRIMARY TREATMENT MUST BE
AIMED AT RESTORING THE
WATER BALANCE
• ORAL ELECTROLYTE
SOLUTIONS
• INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS
• ANTIBIOTICS
• SEPTICEMIA
• NURSING CARE
• SHELTER FROM THE WIND
• HEAT LAMPS
METABOLIC DISEASES OF THE DAIRY
COW
V ETERINARY S CIENCE P ROGRAM
METABOLIC DISEASES
• METABOLIC DISORDERS THAT AFFECT DRY COWS ARE
USUALLY NUTRITION RELATED
•
•
•
•
•
•
MILK FEVER
KETOSIS
FATTY LIVERS
RETAINED PLACENTA
DISPLACED ABOMASUM
UDDER EDEMA
KETOSIS
• CAUSE
• OCCURS WHEN ENERGY
DEMANDS (E.G. HIGH MILK
PRODUCTION) EXCEED
ENERGY INTAKE AND RESULT
IN A NEGATIVE ENERGY
BALANCE
• LOW BLOOD GLUCOSE (BLOOD
SUGAR) CONCENTRATIONS
• LARGE AMOUNTS OF BODY FAT
•
ARE UTILIZED AS AN ENERGY
SOURCE TO SUPPORT
PRODUCTION, FAT IS SOMETIMES
MOBILIZED FASTER THAN THE
LIVER CAN PROPERLY METABOLIZE
IT
KETONE PRODUCTION EXCEEDS
KETONE UTILIZATION BY THE COW
• BEEF COW
• LATE PREGNANCY WHEN THE
COW'S APPETITE IS AT ITS
LOWEST AND THE ENERGY
REQUIREMENT OF THE
GROWING CALF NEAR ITS
PEAK
• DAIRY COW
• MISMATCH BETWEEN INPUT
AND OUTPUT USUALLY
OCCURS IN THE FIRST FEW
WEEKS OF LACTATION
• THE COW IS NOT ABLE TO EAT
ENOUGH TO MATCH THE
ENERGY LOST IN THE MILK
KETOSIS
Liver Triglycerides
Fat Depots
Ketones
Free Fatty Acids
Acetate
Acetyl CoA
Rumen
Citrate
Propionate
Glucose
Brain
Krebs Cycle or
Tricarboxylic
Acid
Oxalo-acetic Acid
Cycle
(TCA cycle)
Lactose
Milk
Energy
CO2
Energy
CO2
KETOSIS
• CLINICAL SIGNS
•
•
•
•
•
REDUCED MILK YIELD
WEIGHT LOSS
REDUCED APPETITE
DULL COAT
ACETONE (PEAR DROP)
SMELL OF BREATH/ OR MILK
• FEVER
• SOME DEVELOP NERVOUS
SIGNS INCLUDING EXCESS
SALIVATION, LICKING,
AGGRESSION ETC.
KETOSIS
• TREATMENT
• THE INITIAL AIM OF TREATMENT IS TO RESTORE THE LACK OF GLUCOSE
IN THE BODY
• GLUCOSE REPLACEMENT
• INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF A DEXTROSE SOLUTION
• DRENCHING WITH PROPYLENE GLYCOL OR GLYCERIN HAS LONGER TERM
EFFECTS
• HORMONAL THERAPY
• LONG-ACTING CORTICOSTEROIDS
• BREAK DOWN PROTEIN IN MUSCLES TO PRODUCE GLUCOSE
KETOSIS
• PREVENTION
• ADEQUATE FEEDING AND
MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES
• GOOD QUALITY HAY,
SILAGE, OR CEREAL GRAIN
• COWS SHOULD BE ON A
RISING PLANE OF
NUTRITION UP TO CALVING
WITH THE AIM TO CALVE IN
GOOD CONDITION
MILK FEVER
• CAUSE
• OCCURS IN THE WEEKS (USUALLY HOURS) AFTER CALVING
• BODY IS NOT ACCUSTOMED TO REGULATING CALCIUM PROPERLY
BEFORE MILKING BEGINS
• CALCIUM DEFICIENCIES OCCUR
• DRY COW NUTRITION HIGH IN CALCIUM
• WEAKNESS, ANOREXIA, LOW MILK YIELD, NEUROLOGIC
SIGNS, DOWNER COWS
MILK FEVER
• CLINICAL SIGNS
•
•
•
•
•
WEAKNESS
ANOREXIA
LOW MILK YIELD
NEUROLOGIC SIGNS
DOWNER COW
MILK FEVER
• TREATMENT
• FLUIDS
• INTRAVENOUS CALCIUM
GLUCONATE
• REDUCE MILKING
STRESS
MILK FEVER
• PREVENTION
• REDUCED CALCIUM IN
DRY COW RATION
DOWNER COWS
• CAUSES
• WHEN A COW CAN NOT
STAND ON THEIR OWN
• SEVERAL CAUSES
•
•
SLIPPING AND FALLING
DAMAGE TO NERVES
DURING CALVING
•
MILK FEVER
DOWNER COWS
• TREATMENT
• MOVE TO COMFORTABLE
PLACE
• TURN PERIODICALLY
• BRING FOOD AND WATER
• HAND MILK TWICE DAILY
(OR PORTABLE MILKING
MACHINE)
• PUT IN SLING IF
NECESSARY
DOWNER COWS
• TREATMENT
• COW WILL EITHER
RECOVER OR NOT
• USUALLY BY 3 DAYS YOU
WILL KNOW
• IF THEY RECOVER, GIVE
THEM SOME MORE TIME
AWAY FROM THE HERD
• IF THEY DON’T, THEY MUST
BE CULLED
MASTITIS
V ETERINARY S CIENCE P ROGRAM
MASTITIS
• AN INFLAMMATION OF THE MILK SECRETING TISSUES OF THE
UDDER
• CAUSED BY MICROBIAL INFECTIONS IN ONE OR MORE QUARTERS.
• AFFECTS 25 TO 30 PERCENT OF ALL QUARTERS
• THE MOST COSTLY DISEASE OF DAIRY CATTLE
• $200 /COW/YEAR
• $2 BILLION ANNUALLY
MASTITIS
• DECREASED MILK
PRODUCTION
• 70% OF TOTAL COSTS
• NOT VISIBLE TO PRODUCERS
• MILK DUMPED DUE TO
TREATMENT
• VETERINARY AND DRUG
COSTS
• LABOR COSTS
• CULLING AND DEATH LOSSES
• LOST QUALITY PREMIUMS
MASTITIS
• ALMOST ALWAYS
CAUSED BY BACTERIA
THAT GENERALLY
ENTER THROUGH THE
TEAT CANAL
• THE ENVIRONMENT
INSIDE THE UDDER IS
WARM AND MOIST WITH
PLENTY OF AVAILABLE
NUTRIENTS, SO
BACTERIA MULTIPLY
RAPIDLY
MASTITIS
• CLINICAL
• SIGNS OF INFECTION
• UDDER SHOWS SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
• REDNESS, SWOLLEN, TENDER, HARD, ETC.
• MILK IS ABNORMAL
• FLECKS, CLOTS, OFF COLOR, BLOODY
• GOAL IS <2% PER MONTH
• SUBCLINICAL
• NO EVIDENCE OF ABNORMALITY EXCEPT MILK POSITIVE ON
SPECIAL TESTS
• CALIFORNIA MASTITIS TEST (CMT)
• SCC
• STERILE MILK CULTURE
MASTITIS
• SUBCLINICAL
• INCREASED SOMATIC CELLS
• BULK TANK SCC
• DHI INDIVIDUAL COW SCC
• DIRECT COUNT, SPECTROSCOPY
• CMT
• STERILE MILK CULTURE
• FIND MASTITIS CAUSING ORGANISMS
• ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
• ANTIBODY ELISA
• NAGASE
• N-ACETYL-B-D-GLUCOSAMINIDASE
MASTITIS
• CALIFORNIA MASTITIS
TEST (CMT)
• MILK EACH QUARTER
INTO SPECIFIC WELL
• ADD REAGENT
• WAIT AND SEE IF MILK
COAGULATES
• COAGULATION = MASTITIS
INTERPRETATION OF CMT
CMT SCORE
N
(NEGATIVE)
T
(TRACE)
AVERAGE SOMATIC COUNT
(CELLS PER MILLILITER)
DESCRIPTION OF REACTION
NO THICKENING,
HOMOGENEOUS
100,000
SLIGHT THICKENING. REACTION
300,000
2,700,000
IMMEDIATELY, BEGINS TO GEL, LEVELS IN
THE BOTTOM OF CUP
GEL IS FORMED,
3
NO GEL FORMATION
900,000
THICKENS
2
10
SECONDS
DISTINCT THICKENING,
1
DISAPPEARS IN
8,100,000
SURFACE ELEVATES, WITH A CENTRAL
PEAK ABOVE THE MASS
MASTITIS
• TYPES OF MASTITIS
• CONTAGIOUS
• ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTAGIOUS MASTITIS
• PRIMARY HABITAT BACTERIA
LIVE ON/IN THE UDDER AND
TEAT LESIONS
• POOR SURVIVAL OF
•
•
BACTERIA IN THE
ENVIRONMENT
IS SPREAD FROM COW TO
COW, PRIMARILY DURING
MILKING BY MILKCONTAMINATED FOMITES AT
MILKING, SPONGE, MILKER'S
HANDS, MILKING MACHINE
USUALLY CHRONIC,
SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS
• STAPHYLOCOCCUS
•
•
•
AUREUS
STREPTOCOCCUS
AGALACTIA
MYCOPLASMA BOVIS
STREPTOCOCCUS
UBERIS
CONTROL OF CONTAGIOUS MASTITIS
• DIP TEATS IN GERMICIDE AFTER PRE AND POST MILKING
• TREAT QUARTERS WITH DRY COW ANTIBIOTICS AT END OF
LACTATION
• MILKING ORDER OR SEPARATE CLAW FOR INFECTED COWS
•
• FLUSH MILK CLAWS (HOT WATER OR GERMICIDE) AFTER
MILKING INFECTED COWS (BACKFLUSHING)
• INDIVIDUAL CLOTH/PAPER TOWELS TO WASH/DRY TEATS
CONTROL OF CONTAGIOUS MASTITIS
• CLEAN HANDS, LATEX GLOVES
• CULTURE NEW COW ADDITIONS
• CULL PERSISTENTLY INFECTED COWS
• MINIMIZE TEAT END LESIONS
• DRY TREAT HEIFERS BEFORE CALVING
ENVIRONMENT MASTITIS
• ENVIRONMENT TO COW
• INCIDENCE INCREASES AS
THE INCIDENCE OF
CONTAGIOUS MASTITIS
DECREASES
• PRIMARY HABITAT OF
BACTERIAL IS IN THE
ENVIRONMENT (FECES,
SOIL, BEDDING, WATER)
• ENVIRONMENTAL CONTACT
AT MILKING TIME OR
BETWEEN MILKINGS
• ORGANISMS FROM THE
BEDDING, STALLS,
CORRALS, ETC. GAIN
ENTRANCE THROUGH
FATIGUED TEAT CANALS
AFTER OR DURING MILKING
TO CAUSE INFECTION.
• STREPTOCOCCUS
DYSGALACTIA
• STREPTOCOCCUS
UBERUS
• COLIFORM
• E. COLI
• KLEBSIELLA
CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MASTITIS
• MORE DIFFICULT TO CONTROL THAN THE CONTAGIOUS
PATHOGENS
• MOST ARE RESISTANT TO GERMICIDES IN TEAT DIP AND
ANTIBIOTICS IN DRY COW THERAPY
• KEY IS TO ID SOURCE AND REMOVE (BEDDING, PONDS, MUD)
• CLIP OR FLAME UDDERS
• MILK ONLY CLEAN DRY TEATS
CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MASTITIS
• CLEAN PARLOR, STALLS,
BEDDING
• BARRIER DIPS
• PRE-DIP TEATS WITH
GERMICIDE BEFORE
MILKING – NO WATER
• KEEP COWS STANDING
AFTER MILKING - FEEDING
• STERILE SINGLE-DOSE
INFUSION PRODUCTS
• STERILE INFUSION
TECHNIQUES (ALCOHOL
SWAB)
ORBESEAL
MASTITIS TREATMENT
• INTRAMAMMARY
THERAPY
• INJECTION OF
ANTIBIOTICS INTO UDDER
• SYSTEMIC THERAPY
• ANTIBIOTICS IV OR IM
• SUPPORTIVE THERAPY
• REMOVE TOXINS –
FREQUENT MILKOUT
• TREAT DEHYDRATION,
SWELLING AND PAIN
• LACTATIONAL THERAPY
• LIKELIHOOD OF
SUCCESS?
• DRY COW THERAPY
• LARGER DOSE, LONGER
ACTING PRODUCT
MASTITIS TREATMENT
• INTRAMAMMARY
THERAPY
• USE AN APPROVED
PRODUCT
• USE PROPER TECHNIQUE
• HAVE CULTURE REPORTS
AND SENSITIVITIES
• MAKE BEST GUESS ON
FIRST DRUG
• COW HISTORY,
TREATMENTS AND
RESULTS
• DON’T GIVE UP ON A
CERTAIN ANTIBIOTIC,
OFTEN RESPONSE IS
SEEN WITH LONGER
COURSE OF THERAPY
• HAVE A STANDARD
PROTOCOL
MASTITIS TREATMENT PROTOCOLS
GRADE
CLINICAL SIGNS
TREATMENT
1
MILK ABNORMAL
UDDER NOT SWOLLEN
COW NORMAL
TAKE STERILE MILK SAMPLE AND CULTURE.
DECIDE TO TREAT BASED ON RESULTS.
POSSIBLE SUPPORTIVE THERAPY
2
MILK ABNORMAL
UDDER SWOLLEN
COW NORMAL
TAKE STERILE MILK SAMPLE AND CULTURE.
TREAT IN UDDER WITH ANTIBIOTIC.
POSSIBLE SYSTEMIC/SUPPORTIVE THERAPY
3
MILK ABNORMAL
UDDER SWOLLEN
COW SICK
TAKE STERILE MILK SAMPLE AND CULTURE.
TREAT SYSTEMICALLY AND IN UDDER WITH
ANTIBIOTICS AND SUPPORTIVE THERAPY
SUPPORTIVE TREATMENT
• REDUCED RISK OF ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUES
• ORGANIC HERDS
• OXYTOCIN / STRIPPING
• ELIMINATES TOXINS AND BACTERIA FOOD
• NOT EFFECTIVE AGAINST CONTAGIOUS BUGS
• ASPIRIN, ANTIHISTAMINES, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
• FLUIDS – DEHYDRATION
MASTITIS PREVENTION
• PROPER MILKING
TECHNIQUES
• PROCEDURES, TRAINING,
MONITORING
• KEEP COWS CLEAN!
• PROPER BEDDING
• SAND IS THE BEST BEDDING
• ORGANIC BEDDING
(SAWDUST, ETC.) MUST BE
DRY
• STALL SIZED TO FIT COWS
• UDDER FLAMING, TAIL
DOCKING
• NUTRITION
• VITAMINS AND MINERALS
• MILK CONTAGIOUS
COWS LAST
• MAINTAIN MILKING
EQUIPMENT
DIAGNOSING A HERD PROBLEM
• BULK TANK SCC –
DAIRY PLANT
• ID HERD PROBLEM
• INDIVIDUAL SCC’S
• ID COWS
• CMT’S
• ID COWS
• REASONS FOR
CULLING
• STERILE MILK
CULTURE
• ID BUG
DRUG WITHDRAWAL
• ALWAYS REMEMBER WITHDRAWAL TIMES FOR ANY DRUGS
GIVEN TO DAIRY COWS
• ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT FOR MILK SAFETY
• DIRE CONSEQUENCES IF MILK TESTS POSITIVE FOR ANTIBIOTICS
• DUMP THE LOAD OF MILK
• IT IS THE VETERINARIAN’S AND DAIRY MANAGER’S
RESPONSIBILITY