Transcript Arthropoda 6

Arthropoda
Modern crustacea
Trilobita
Cenozoic (65-present)
Mesozoic (251-65 mya)
Paleozoic (542-251 mya)
Crustaceamorph stem line
Precambrian (>542 mya)
Rupert et al. fig 21-23
Collembola
Thysanura
“Apterygota”
Entognatha
Hexapoda
Insecta
Ephemeroptera
Pterygota
Odonata
Neoptera
Phasmida
Orthoptera
Isoptera
Zoraptera
Dermaptera
Plecoptera
Neoptera
Holometabola
Grylloblattaria
Sternorrhyncha
Heteroptera
Auchenorrhyncha
Anoplura
Mallophaga
Blattaria
Psocoptera
Thysanoptera
Hemipteroids
Mantodea
Zoraptera
• Tropical
• Live in rotting wood
• Eat fungal hyphae, tiny
arthropods
• Poorly studied
Isoptera - termites
Caste system within termite colonies
Worker
Soldier
Queen
Workers tend the colony, gather food
Soldiers cannot feed themselves, they have a
nozzle-shaped snout for exuding noxious
chemicals; defend colony from ant attack.
Queens add a set of ovaries with each molt →
very high fecundity (1000’s/day); >1
Queen/colony; kings resemble large worker and
mate repeatedly with queens
Termites
• Several kinds of termites based on diet
– Subterranean* (live up to 20 ft underground)
– Soil-feeding
– Drywood*
– Dampwood
– Grass-feeding
* Types that infest and eat human buildings
Termites
• All termites eat cellulose
– Cellulose has high energy, but difficult to
digest
– Gut bacteria have cellulase
– Gut protozoa have symbiotic bacteria in their
guts
– Some “higher” termites (subterranean) can
produce cellulase, but they still also have a
rich gut flora to aid in cellulose digestion
Mantodea – the mantids
Mantodea – the mantids
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Raptorial first legs (“praying”) (also preying!)
Mobile neck joint
3 extra eye on top of head
Sexual cannibalism: females eats male
during copulation to get food and enhance
sexual performance (tonus and locomotion of
abdominal activity)
Blattaria – the cockroaches
• Aka blattodea
• Have mobile neck joint
• A few feed on wood and have
endosymbiotic flagellates (like isopterans)
• Fast runners!
Phasmida
Orthoptera
Isoptera
Zoraptera
Dermaptera
Plecoptera
Neoptera
Holometabola
Grylloblattaria
Sternorrhyncha
Heteroptera
Auchenorrhyncha
Anoplura
Mallophaga
Blattaria
Psocoptera
Thysanoptera
Hemipteroids
Mantodea
Hemipteroids
• Have piercing,
sucking mouthparts
Hemipteroids
• In days of old…
– O Hemiptera, O Homoptera
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Current thinking:
O Heteroptera = true bugs
O Sternorryncha = aphids, scale insects
O Auchenorryncha = leaf hoppers, tree hoppers,
plant hoppers, cicadas, spittlebugs
• Many hemipteroids are important crop pests
Heteroptera: true bugs
Sternorryncha
Both aphids and scale insects are
important crop pests
Both form mutualistic interactions with
ants (produce honeydew in exchange for
protection)
Auchenorryncha
Psocoptera: bark lice, book lice
• Live in humid crevices and feed on fungi
(under bark, old musty books)
Other lice
• O Anoplura – sucking lice of mammals
– Often host-specific e.g. human crab louse,
human head louse
Other lice
• O Mallophaga – chewing lice
– All non-anopluran lice (polyphyletic)
– Mostly found on birds
Thysanoptera -thrips
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Suctorial mouthparts
Common in flowers (serve as pollinators)
Vectors of disease on some crops
Fringed wings
Phasmida
Orthoptera
Isoptera
Zoraptera
Dermaptera
Plecoptera
Neoptera
Holometabola
Grylloblattaria
Sternorrhyncha
Heteroptera
Auchenorrhyncha
Anoplura
Mallophaga
Blattaria
Psocoptera
Thysanoptera
Hemipteroids
Mantodea
Holometabula
• Development: larva to pupa to adult