Transcript 436c6173732031204d6963726f62696f6c6f6779

Introduction to SUR 111
Perioperative Patient Care
Microbiology
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The study of microorganisms
Microorganisms are life forms that cannot be
seen with the naked eye
Determining life:
 Able
to reproduce
 Ingest and metabolize food
 Eliminate waste
 Irritable (respond to stimuli)
 Able to mutate or change genetic make up
Taxonomy
(Classification)
Kingdoms
 Animal
(Eucaryotic cells)
 Plant
 Protista
(protozoans)
 Fungi
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 Monera
(bacteria)
(Procaryotic cells)
ONE MORE THING:
VIRUSES (Virion)
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Neither Procaryotic or Eucaryotic
Arguable as to whether or not these are life forms as they do not
display the five characteristics of life
Are obligate intracellular parasites
Means reproduction dependant on a cell host
There are viruses that can infect or live in a bacteria:
Bacteriophages
Smallest microorganism
(need an electron microscope to see)
 This is a viron!
Bacteriophages
Eucaryotic verses Procaryotic
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Eucaryotic
You, You, You!
are composed of
eucaryotic cells!
Have a true nucleus
Have a nuclear
membrane
Chromosome
encapsulated
More advanced
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Procaryotic
Bacteria in this class
No nuclear membrane
Chromosome floats in
cytoplasm
Our Focus
Viruses
&
Bacteria
BACTERIA
Bionomical System of Nomenclature
(Scientific Name)
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Genus
First letter of capitalized
Italicized or underlined
May see abbreviated
capital letter/period
Example: E. for
Escherichia
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Species
All lower cased
Italicized or underlined
Example: coli
Correct forms: Escherichia coli or E. Coli
or
Escherichia coli or E. Coli
Procaryotic Cell Structure
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Standard Equipment
Capsule
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Slime layer
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Outer covering
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Protection
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Movement (like slugs)
Cell membrane
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Regulation of things moving in
and out of cell
DNA (1 chromosome)
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Reproduction
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Called binary fission
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Optional equipment
Cell Wall
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Protection
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Morphology (shape)
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Peptidoglycan protein
determines staining (gram
positive or gram negative)
Flagella
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Movement
Pili
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Attachment
Endospores (spores)
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For Ultimate hibernation
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Survival mechanism
Identifying Bacteria
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Gram Positive
Turns slide purple
Thick peptidoglycan
layer stabilized by
techoic acid
Allows staining agent
to permeate and stay
visible
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Gram Negative
Turns red/pink
Thin peptidoglycan
layer
Doesn’t absorb
staining agent
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Gram Positive
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Gram Negative
Identifying Bacteria
Gram Indeterminate
Do not stain because they have no cell wall
Morphology
(Shape of Bacteria)
Bacillus
(bacilli)
Rod shaped
Coccus (cocci)
Round or circular
Are other shapes you’ll learn in microbiology course:
Vibrio curved
Spirillium (2 curves) ~
Spirochete (many curves) w
Coccobacillus (football shape)
Morphology Continued
Are bacteria with no cell wall
(remember gram indeterminate?)
 Shape is undefined as a result of no cell
wall and are referred to as polymorphic or
pleomorphic in shape
 Polymorphic or pleomorphic just means
these bacteria can occur in many different
shapes
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Arrangements of Bacteria
(How they connect to one another)
FOCUS
 Cocci
 Bacilli
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Arrangement
determined by how
they split
(reproduction)
Splitting in two =
Binary Fission
Cocci
Strepto = chain
Above = Streptococci
Staphylo = cluster
Above = Staphylococci
Other Arrangements for Cocci
Diplococci
Tetracocci
Bacilli
Steptobacillus
Strepto = chain
Physiology
Temperature Ranges
 Gas Requirements
 Fragility
 Hardiness
 Fastidious
 Carbon sources
 Energy sources
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Gas Requirements
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Aerobic
 Must
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Anaerobic
 Must
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have oxygen to survive
have carbon dioxide to live
Strict Anaerobes
 Placed
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in oxygen, will die
Facultative
 Can
tolerate both conditions
Fragility
Fragile bacteria are:
 Easily destroyed
 Do not live outside their normal
environment
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Hardiness
Hardy bacteria:
 Tolerate many environments
 Likely are spore producers
 Difficult to destroy
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Fastidious
Fastidious bacteria:
 Have strict growth requirements
 Grow well under certain conditions
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Sterilization
Microorganisms must be removed from
anything that is to be used inside the
human body prior to surgical procedures
 Sterilization is the term used to describe
the absence of all microorganisms
including spores
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Factors in Achieving Sterilization
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Types of sterilization
 Various
 Method
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methods
of dependent upon item being sterilized
Considerations with sterilization
Monitoring successful sterilization
 Physical indicators
 Chemical indicators
 Biological
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indicators
Will cover in depth within coming weeks
Roles in Surgery
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Sterile team members
Nonsterile team members
Surgical technologists are sterile team members
however they may function in a nonsterile role
Surgical technologist are an integral part of the
surgical team
Principles of Asepsis
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Only sterile items are used in
the sterile field
A sterile barrier must be
considered contaminated after
it has been penetrated
Edges of a sterile package or
container are considered
contaminated after it has been
opened
Gowns are considered sterile
only from shoulder level to
table level and the sleeves to
two inches above the elbow
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Only horizontal surface of a
table is considered sterile
Sterile persons or items touch
only sterile areas. Nonsterile
persons or items only touch
nonsterile areas.
Movement in and around the
sterile field must not
compromise or contaminate
that field
All items and areas of doubtful
sterility must be considered
contaminated. If in doubt,
throw it out!
Surgical Attire
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Personal hygiene observed
No jewelry, nails trimmed and clean (not over
fingertips, no nail polish, no cuts/abrasions/rashes
on skin
Scrubs with strings tucked
Hair covered (long hair tied back and covered)
Foot covers (booties)
PPE (personal protective
equipment)
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Hair cover
Shoe covers (removed prior to leaving OR
department)
Mask (worn properly in restricted areas and
removed at proper times)
Sterile Gown
Sterile Gloves
Clean Gloves (worn when doing nonsterile
activities)
Where Do I Wear Various Articles
of Surgical Attire?
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Must understand OR Traffic Patterns
Unrestricted
Semi-restricted
Restricted
Some facilities do not have a
semi-restricted area, only unrestricted and
restricted
Let’s practice and begin recognizing our
Surgical Attire and where to wear it