Transcript Applied Genetics

Daily Entry
• 1. How do you feel about humans being
genetically modified to be smart? Athletic?
Pretty?
• 2. What would be pro and cons of this
technique?
Reminders
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Study Island #11 due Wednesday
Quiz Friday
Learning logs due Friday
EOC Parent Night May 14th
Saturday Review Session June 1
Extra Credit due May 31
Applied Genetics
What is Genetic Engineering?
• Genetic engineering
is the manipulation
of an organism’s
genes to create a
desired
characteristic.
Selective Breeding
• Choose most desired traits
• Takes several generations
Test Cross
• Crossing an
unknown
genotype with
an individual
of known
genotype
Genetic Engineering
• Also known as recombinant DNA
• Increasing the frequency of an allele
• Cut (cleave) DNA from an organism
into fragments and insert into another
organism
Designer Babies??
Recombinant DNA
• The ability to combine
the DNA of one
organism with the
DNA of another
organism.
• Recombinant DNA
technology was first
used in the 1970’s
with bacteria.
Recombinant Bacteria
1.
Remove bacterial DNA
(plasmid).
2.
Cut the Bacterial DNA with
“restriction enzymes”.
3.
Cut the DNA from another
organism with “restriction
enzymes”.
4.
Combine the cut pieces of
DNA together with another
enzyme and insert them into
bacteria.
5.
Reproduce the recombinant
bacteria.
6.
The foreign genes will be
expressed in the bacteria.
Isolation of DNA
• Restriction enzymes – bacterial
proteins that can cut both strand
of DNA at a specific sequence
– Blunt ends
– Sticky ends
*Vector means in
which DNA is carried
into the host cell
 can be a virus or plasmid
Benefits of Recombinant Bacteria
1. Bacteria can make human insulin or
human growth hormone.
2. Bacteria can be engineered to “eat” oil
spills.
1. Transgenic Organisms
• Contain foreign DNA due to
recombinant DNA engineering
• How?
–1. Isolate the foreign DNA
fragment
–2. Attach the fragment to a
carrier
–3. Transfer into the host
Transgenic Organisms
PLANTS
1. disease-resistant
and insect-resistant
crops
2. Hardier fruit
3. 70-75% of food in
supermarket is
genetically
modified.
Transgenic Tobacco Produce
hGH
Insulin from Recombinant DNA
Golden Rice
• Genes from daffodils and bacteria
• Produce beta carotene
Factor VIII
 Clotting factor for hemophiliacs
 Without the use of blood donors
Transgenic Goat
Human DNA in
a Goat Cell
.
This goat contains a human
gene that codes for a blood
clotting agent. The blood
clotting agent can be harvested
in the goat’s milk.
Genetically modified organisms are
called transgenic organisms
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
1. Mice – used to study
human immune system
2. Chickens – more
resistant to infections
3. Cows – increase milk
supply and leaner meat
4. Goats, sheep and pigs –
produce human proteins
in their milk and meats
Marmocets
How to Create a
Transgenic Animal
Desired DNA is
added to an egg cell.
2.Cloning
• Genetically identical copies
• Most famous animal cloned:
Dolly
• Benefits: could clone productive,
healthy animals
• Why is this a positive?
DEFINITIONS
• CLONE
– A cell, group of
cells, or
organism that is
descended from
and genetically
identical to a
single ancestor.
• CLONING
–To make
multiple
identical
copies of a
DNA
sequence.
USEFULNESS
• Cloning can be used to test for genetic
diseases
• Regenerate nerves or spinal cord tissue
• Help in plastic surgery
• Clone organs for transplantation
• Grow skin grafts for burn victims
• Manufacture bone, fat, and cartilage
Cloning Defined
• What is cloning?
•
Asexual reproduction-mode of reproduction by which
offspring arise from a single parent, and inherit the genes
of that parent only
• Examples:
• Bacteria, fungus
• Plants – cutting – potato
• Farm animals
Asexual Reproduction
The Association of Reproductive Health Professionals
Cloning Dolly
1997 - 2003
(Roslin Institute http://www.roslin.ac.uk/library/)
Cloning A Sheep
(Roslin Institute http://www.roslin.ac.uk/library/)
3.Human Genome
Project
• Map and sequence all of the
genes on your 46
chromosomes
• Linkage map – relative
locations of genes on
chromosomes
Applications of the Project
• Prenatal diagnosis of
human disorders
• Gene therapy – inserting
normal genes into human
cells to correct disorders
• Crime detection
4.DNA Fingerprinting
• Uses: convict or acquit
criminals, paternity test, and
identifying and cataloging
species
• No two individuals have the
same DNA sequence except
identical twins
• Steps:
–1. DNA sample
–2. Cut into fragments by
enzymes….What kind??
–3. Fragments separated by
gel electrophoresis by size
–4. Compare samples