Transcript 6 Kingdoms

*
* As living things are constantly being investigated, new
attributes are revealed that affect how organisms are placed in a
standard classification system.
* The grouping of organisms into KINGDOMS is based on 3
factors:
* 1. Cell Type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic)
* 2. Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular)
* 3. Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph)
* Archaebacteria
Prokaryotes
* Eubacteria
* Protista
* Fungi
Eukaryotes
* Plantae
* Animalia
* Viruses: Are they living?
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*Virus- a microscopic particle made
of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and
proteins surrounding by a protein
coating (capsule)
*100% of viruses are pathogenic,
meaning they cause disease!!!!
* Parasitic as they are dependent on host
for replication
* Lytic Cycle
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*ANTIBIOTICS DON’T WORK ON VIRUSES!!!
*Vaccines:
*Used as PREVENTION, NOT A CURE!
*Only useful against viruses that do not mutate and evolve
(change) rapidly.
*HIV, common cold viruses and flu virus- DNA mutates
rapidly. No permanent vaccine!
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* 30 million + people have the disease, highly prevalent in Africa
* Is a retrovirus (synthesizes DNA from RNA, reverse of DNA to
RNA
* Infects T cells – cells of immune system that control the entire
immune process
* Can lie dormant in our DNA for 10 years +
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* Common cold
* Chicken pox
* Measles
* Rabies
* Rubella
* Mumps
* Influenza (flu)
* Small pox
* Hepatitis
* Yellow fever
* Ebola
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* Kingdom Archaebacteria
* Found in extreme environments
* Ancient bacteria-gave rise to
eukaryotic cells
* No peptidoglycan in cell walls
* Kingdom Eubacteria
* Common environments
* Gave rise to mitochondria and
chloroplasts
* Have peptidoglycan in cell walls
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* Relative Size
* Shapes:
* Cocci- round
* Bacilli- rod-shaped
* Spirilla- spiral
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*Interior structures
* Has DNA, cytoplasm and
ribosomes
*Exterior structures
* Flagella-whip-like tail for
locomotion
* Pilli – used to ‘stick’ to
surfaces
* Cell membrane to control what
goes in and out
* Cell wall for protection
*
* Gram negative (-)
* Not affected by antibiotics (E. coli)
* Two thin layers
make up cell wall
* Doesn’t hold purple
stain so appears pink
* Gram positive (+)
* Are affected by antibiotics
* Thick cell wall
* Holds purple stain,
so cells look purple
Holds true only for eubacteria as
archeabacteria do not have
peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
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*Binary fission- bacteria’s process
of reproduction where 1 becomes 2.
*Conjugation--exchanging DNA
through a straw-like tube.
*Transformation—another method
of transferring genes between
bacteria.
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*How do bacteria“eat”?
1.) AutotrophicPhotosynthetic and chemosynthetic
2.) Heterotrophic*Consumers
*Decomposers
*Parasites
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* Beneficial Bacteria
* Decomposers
* Nitrogen fixers
* Food
* Drugs -- insulin production
* Clean up oil spills
* Animal digestion and vitamins, including our own
* Pathogenic- Not many bacteria are pathogenic— ONLY 1%!
* Disease Transmission:
* Water
* Air
* Food
* Human/Animal/Insect Contact
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* Tuberculosis
* Syphilis
* Bubonic Plague
* Typhus
* Tetanus
* Lyme Disease
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* Antibiotics
* Antibiotic resistance
* Sanitizing--Antiseptics and Disinfectants
* Freezing
* Cooking
* Pasteurizing
* Dehydrating
* Vaccination
* Protists include many
widely ranging microbes,
including slime molds,
protozoa and primitive
algae.
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* The ‘junk-drawer’ kingdom!
* There are animal-like, fungus-like, and plant-like protists
* Most are unicellular and some are multicellular
* Are eukaryotic
* Some maintain a cell wall
* Some are beneficial and some are harmful
* Amebic dysentery
* African Sleeping Sickness
* Malaria
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* Protists can be heterotrophs or
autotrophs
* Some move by pseudopods (fake feet) or by flagellum (whip-like structure) or
by cilia (hair-like structures)
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* The Kingdom Fungi includes
some of the most important
organisms.
* Heterotrophic- break down dead
organic material and continue
the cycle of nutrients through
ecosystems.
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* All fungi are eukaryotic
* They may be unicellular
or multicellular
* All fungi have a cell wall
made of chitin
Unicellular
(yeast)
Multicellular
*
* Fungi can be very helpful and
delicious
* Many antibacterial drugs are
derived from fungi
* Fungi accounts for the blue
vein in blue cheese!
Penicillin
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* Fungi also causes a number of plant and animal diseases:
•Athlete's Foot
•Ringworm
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* Fungi are stationary
* They have root-like structures
that they use for attachment
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*Multicellular autotrophs
*Cell walls of cellulose
* complex carbohydrate
*Acquire energy by
photosynthesis
* Chloroplasts with
chlorophyll
* Chlorophyll reflects green
part of visual spectrum
Main Groups:
Mosses
(Bryophytes)
Non-vascular
Conifers
(Gymnosperms)
Ferns
(Pteridophytes)
Vascular
Flowering Plants
(Angiosperms)
*
*Simplest of all land dwelling
plants
*Nonvascular (no “veins”)lack an internal means for
water transportation
*Do not produce seeds or
flowers
-fertilization depends on water
medium to get the sperm to
the egg.
*Lack a woody tissue
necessary for support and so
are relatively short
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* Internal transportation system enables plants to evolve into larger specimens.
• Xylem – water carrying tubes
• Phloem – sugar carrying tissues
* Cambium - cell division for xylem & phloem
• Produce Seeds – protects and nourishes an embryo of the new plant
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*
*Shoot system
*Stem & branches
*Leaves
*Nodes & internodes
*Reproductive
structures
*Root system
*Primary roots
*Branch roots
*
* Growth at meristems
* Apical meristem
* ”primary” growth (length)
* Lateral meristem
= vascular cambium
* “secondary” growth (girth)
* Plant Tropisms
Phototrophism - growth toward light
* Plant Tropisms
Gravitropism – downward growth of roots
* Plant Tropisms
- Thigmotropism
– plants response
when it comes
into contact with
a solid object.
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*General life cycle of
sexually reproducing
species.
* Fertilization (zygote,
embyro, adult, 2n)
* Meiosis (gametes,
eggs/sperm, 1n)
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*Diploid sporophyte
*Haploid
gametophyte
*multicellular
*specialized cells
become sperm or egg
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Alteration of
Generations
Example: fern
42
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Alteration of
Generations Example: Apple
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*Plants often reproduce
asexually
* runners,
* rhizomes,
* tubers
* roots form new shoots
* fragmentation (willow)
*Used by nurseries to
propagate varieties
* ornamental plants (roses)
* fruit trees (apple, etc.)
Animalia Kingdom
All animals are:
-Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall
-Heterotrophs
-Capable of movement at some point
in their lives.
Criteria for Animal Classification
* Skeletal Characteristics
* Invertebrates
have a hard external skeleton made of chitin
known as an exoskeleton
* Vertebrates
have a hard internal skeleton made of bone or
cartilage
*Kingdom
*Phylum
*Class
* Order
* Family
* Genus
*Species
Major phylums of animals are…
*Porifera
Multicellular organisms which have bodies full of pores and channels
allowing water to circulate through them.
* Sponges
*Cnidarians:
Soft-bodied, jelly-like animals with tentacles and venom
glands. Includes: Hydra, Jellyfish, Anemones, and Coral.
Jellyfish, corals, and other stingers. . . Their stinger is called a
nematocyst
*Mollusks
Soft-bodied animals that sometimes have a hard shell
* Clamps, oysters
* Octopi, squid
* Snails, slugs
*Platyhelminthes
Soft, flat-bodied worms
* Tapeworms & Liver Fluke & Planaria
* Hermaphrodites-fertilize their own sex cells internally then
zygotes are released into water to hatch
Human liver fluke
*Annelids
Segmented worms
* Worms & leeches
*Echinoderms
Often spiny animals, with several "arms" reaching out from the
center of its body
* Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
*Arthropods
“Jointed legged" animals.
Have an exoskeleton, meaning the skeleton is on the outside of
the body
* Shell fish, arachnids & BUGS!
*Chordates
all other animals that have a backbone of some form