Transcript Enlightenment & Revolution

Enlightenment & Revolution
Chapter 6 Section 1
Mr. Porter
World History 9th Grade
The Scientific Revolution
• Prior 1500, people generally decided what
was true or false by early Greek and Roman
authors or the Bible itself.
• After 1500, scholars began to look at nature
itself and developing their own theories and
ideas.
• These new theories would not only affect
science but also affect the church.
Scientific Revolution
• A new way of thinking while replacing old
assumptions by ancient thinkers and the church.
• Exploration to Africa, Asia and the Americas.
• New research in science and mathematics.
• Science began to look at the world around them
more closely
Middle Ages
• Scholars believed that
the earth was the
center of the universe.
• Geocentric Theory
• Ptolemy Universe
• Christianity taught that
the earth was the
center
The Heliocentric Theory
 Nicolaus Copernicus
 Earth, Planets and stars
revolve around the sun.
 He published his book
1543.
 Other researchers
would continue to add
the Copernicus work.
Johannes Kepler
• Continued to explore planetary
motion.
• Discovered that the planets revolve in
an elliptical orbits.
• He was able to prove Copernicus’s
ideas to be true.
• It was more proof that the planets
revolve around the sun.
Johannes Kepler
Galileo’s Discoveries
• Italian Scientist who built his own
telescope to study the sky.
• 1610 Published Star Messenger
– Jupiter had four moons
– Sun had dark spots
• Proved Aristotle theory to be
wrong. (Moon & Sun were not
made of pure substance)
Galileo Galilei
Galileo’s Discoveries
Because of his discoveries he fell out of
favor in both the catholic and
protestant church.
He was warned in 1616 by the Catholic
Church not to support Copernicus
ideas.
He remained silent until 1632 when he
published a book supporting
Copernicus theory.
Galileo Galilei
Galileo’s Discoveries
Galileo was brought before the Pope to
stand trial in 1633.
Under the threat of torture by the
Inquisition, he agreed that
Copernicus ideas were false.
Galileo remained under house arrest
until his death in 1642.
Galileo Galilei
Scientific Method
• With the new ideas brought on by Galileo,
Copernicus and Kepler a new type of science
came about.
• Scientific Method- a logical procedure for
gathering and testing ideas.
• Scientists would come up with a problem
• Scientists would form a hypothesis
• Test the hypothesis
• Analyze the data and make a conclusion
Sir Francis Bacon
• English statesmen and
writer, passion for science.
• Attack medieval scholars of
Aristotle
• Supported abstract thinkers
who used experiment to
draw conclusions.
• Empiricism
Rene Descartes
 French Intellectual
 Developed analytical
geometry
 Published Geometry in 1637
which link geometry and
algebra to create analytical
geometry
 Science and math could
explain everything in nature
Rene Descartes
• Everything should be
doubted until proven by
reason
• Used math and science to
prove his logic
• “I think, therefore I am”
Isaac Newton
• English Scientist who studied
math & physics
• Discovered that the same
force that ruled motion of the
planets and all matter on
earth and space.
• 1687 Published The
Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy
Great Inventions of the Time
• First Microscope invented in
1590 by Zacharias Janssen
• In 1670 Anton van
Leeuwenhoek discovered
bacteria
• Also examined red blood
cells
Great Inventions Cont.
• 1643 Evangelista Torricelli
developed the first mercury
barometer.
• 1714 Gabriel Fahrenheit
developed the thermometer
w/mercury in which water freezes
at 32 degrees.
• 1742 Anders Celsius developed a
scale in which water freezes at 0
degrees.
Medical Ideas
• Andreas Vesalius dissected a human corpses
and published his observations.
• He published detailed drawings of human
organs, bones and muscle.
• Edward Jenner discovered a vaccine to
prevent smallpox.
• Used inoculation of the smallpox germs (very
dangerous)
• Jenner would use a cowpox sample to
inoculate humans with (less dangerous)
Chemistry
• Robert Boyle used scientific method in
chemistry (founder of modern chemistry)
• He proposed that matter is made up of
smaller particles that are joined together in
different ways.
• Boyle’s Law – which explains how volume,
temperature and pressure of gas affect each
other.