Transcript Macromolecules,Carbs - Ms. Nakamura`s Biology Class Wiki

D.N.A
 Root Word – COGN (To Know)
 Why is carbon important to the human

body?
Identify the functional group(s) in the
molecule below
H
H
O
N
C C
H
R
O-H
AP Biology
ANNOUNCEMENTS
 Complete Ch. 3 Guided Reading on
wikispace
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Why study Functional Groups?
 These are the building blocks for
biological molecules
…and that comes next!
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Macromolecules
 Smaller organic molecules join together
to form larger molecules

macromolecules
 4 major classes of
macromolecules:
carbohydrates
 lipids
 proteins
 nucleic acids

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Polymers
 Long molecules built by linking repeating
building blocks in a chain

monomers
 building blocks
 repeated small units

H 2O
covalent bonds
HO
H
HO
H
Dehydration synthesis
HO
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H
How to build a polymer
 Synthesis

You gotta
be open to
“bonding!
joins monomers by “taking” H2O out
 one monomer donates OH–
 other monomer donates H+
 together these form H2O

H 2O
requires energy & enzymes
HO
H
Dehydration synthesis
HO
H
enzyme
Condensation reaction
AP Biology
HO
H
How to break down a polymer
Breaking up
is hard to do!
 Digestion

use H2O to breakdown polymers
 reverse of dehydration synthesis
 cleave off one monomer at a time
 H2O is split into H+ and OH–

H+
&
OH–
H2O
attach to ends
requires enzymes HO
 releases energy

H
enzyme
Hydrolysis
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Digestion
HO
H
HO
H
Any Questions??
AP Biology
2007-2008
CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
H
OH
Carbohydrates
energy
molecules
AP Biology
2006-2007
Carbohydrates
 Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O

carbo - hydr - ate
CH2O
(CH22O)
O)xx
C66H12
O
(CH
12 66
Function:
energy
 raw materials
materials

energy storage
 structural

 Monomer: sugars
 ex: sugars, starches, cellulose
AP Biology sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar
sugar
Sugars
 Most names for sugars end in -ose
 Classified by number of carbons
6C = hexose (glucose)
 5C = pentose (ribose)
 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)

CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
6H
HO
H
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OH
Glucose
H
CH2OH
OH
C
O
H
HO
H
5
OH
O
H
HO
H
Ribose
H
H
H
C
OH
C
3OH
H
Glyceraldehyde
Functional groups determine function
carbonyl
aldehyde
carbonyl
ketone
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Sugar structure
5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution
Where do
you find solutions
in biology?
In cells!
AP Biology
Carbons are numbered
Numbered carbons
C 6'
5' C
O
4' C
C1'
energy stored in C-C bonds
C3'
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C2'
Simple & complex sugars
 Monosaccharides
simple 1 monomer sugars
 glucose

 Disaccharides
2 monomers
 sucrose

 Polysaccharides
large polymers
 starch

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CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
Glucose
H
OH
Building sugars
 Dehydration synthesis
monosaccharides
|
glucose
AP Biology
H2O
|
glucose
disaccharide
|
maltose
glycosidic linkage
Building sugars
 Dehydration synthesis
monosaccharides
|
glucose
AP Biology
H2O
|
fructose
disaccharide
|
sucrose
(table sugar)
Polysaccharides
 Polymers of sugars
costs little energy to build
 easily reversible = release energy

 Function:

energy storage
 starch (plants)
 glycogen (animals)
 in liver & muscles

structure
 cellulose (plants)
 chitin (arthropods & fungi)
AP Biology
Polysaccharide diversity
 Molecular structure determines function
in starch
in cellulose
isomers of glucose
 structure determines function…

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Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starch
easy to
digest
enzyme
cellulose
hard to
digest
enzyme
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Cellulose
 Most abundant organic
compound on Earth
herbivores have evolved a mechanism to
digest cellulose
 most carnivores have not

 that’s why they
eat meat to get
their energy &
nutrients
 cellulose = undigestible roughage
AP Biology
But it tastes
like hay!
Who can live
on this stuff?!
Helpful bacteria
 How can herbivores digest cellulose so well?

BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest
cellulose-rich (grass) meals
Caprophage
Ruminants
Regents Biology
Tell Ime
about
eat
the rabbits,
WHAT!
again,
George!
EAT
Let’s build
X some
Carbohydrates!
Regents Biology
2006-2007