Transcript Document
Carbohydrates
AP Biology
CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
H
OH
Carbohydrates
energy
molecules
AP Biology
2006-2007
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O
carbo - hydr - ate
CH2O
(CH22O)
O)xx
C66H12
O
(CH
12 66
Function:
energy
raw materials
materials
energy storage
structural
Monomer: sugars
ex: sugars, starches, cellulose
AP Biology sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar
sugar
Sugars
Most names for sugars end in -ose
Classified by number of carbons
6C = hexose (glucose)
5C = pentose (ribose)
3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)
CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
6H
HO
H
AP Biology
OH
Glucose
H
CH2OH
OH
C
O
H
HO
H
5
OH
O
H
HO
H
Ribose
H
H
H
C
OH
C
3OH
H
Glyceraldehyde
Simple & complex sugars
Monosaccharides
simple 1 monomer sugars
glucose
Disaccharides
2 monomers
sucrose
Polysaccharides
large polymers
starch
AP Biology
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
Glucose
H
OH
Building sugars
Dehydration synthesis
monosaccharides
|
glucose
AP Biology
H2O
|
glucose
disaccharide
|
maltose
glycosidic linkage
Building sugars
Dehydration synthesis
monosaccharides
|
glucose
AP Biology
H2O
|
fructose
Let’s go to the
videotape!
disaccharide
|
sucrose
(table sugar)
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Polysaccharides
Polymers of sugars
costs little energy to build
easily reversible = release energy
Function:
energy storage
starch (plants)
glycogen (animals)
in liver & muscles
structure
cellulose (plants)
chitin (arthropods & fungi)
AP Biology
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Linear vs. branched polysaccharides
slow release
starch
(plant)
energy
storage
glycogen
(animal)
AP Biology
fast
release
Polysaccharide diversity
Molecular structure determines function
in starch
in cellulose
isomers of glucose
structure determines function…
AP Biology
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starch
easy to
digest
enzyme
cellulose
hard to
digest
enzyme
AP Biology
Cellulose
Most abundant organic
compound on Earth
herbivores have evolved a mechanism to
digest cellulose
most carnivores have not
that’s why they
eat meat to get
their energy &
nutrients
cellulose = undigestible roughage
AP Biology
Cow
can digest cellulose well;
no need to eat other sugars
Gorilla
can’t digest cellulose well;
must add another sugar
source, like fruit to diet
Regents Biology
Helpful bacteria
How can herbivores digest cellulose so well?
BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest
cellulose-rich (grass) meals
a dna ™emiTkciuQ
rosserpmoced )desserpmocnU( FFIT
.erutcip siht ees ot dedeen era
Caprophage
Ruminants
Regents Biology