Transcript 3–3 Cycles of Matter

3–3 Cycles of Matter
Nutrient Cycles
•Organic phosphate
moves through the
food web and to the
rest of the
ecosystem.
Organisms
Land
Ocean
Sediments
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3–3 Cycles of Matter
Nutrient Cycles
The Phosphorus Cycle
• Phosphorus is essential to organisms because it
helps forms important molecules like DNA
(genetic code storage) and RNA (making
proteins).
• Most phosphorus exists in the form of inorganic
phosphate—in rocks. Inorganic phosphate is
released into the soil and water as sediments
wear down.
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3–3 Cycles of Matter
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3-3 Cycles of Matter
How does matter move among the living
and nonliving parts of an ecosystem?
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3–3 Cycles of Matter
Recycling in the Biosphere
Recycling in the Biosphere
Energy and matter move through the
biosphere very differently.
Unlike the one-way flow of energy,
matter is recycled within and between
ecosystems. (Closed system)
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Recycling in the Biosphere
Matter (elements, chemical compounds, etc.) are
passed
from one organism to another
Matter is assembled into living tissue, passed out of the
body, or decomposed.
AND from one part of the biosphere to another
through biogeochemical cycles.
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Biogeochemical cycles definition –
connect biological, geological, and
chemical aspects of the biosphere.
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The Water Cycle
Water moves between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.
You are here
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Transpiration definition - evaporation
specifically off of leaves and plants.
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3–3 Cycles of Matter
Nutrient Cycles
Nutrient Cycles
All the chemical substances that an organism
needs to sustain life are its nutrients.
Every living organism needs nutrients to
build tissues and carry out essential life
functions.
Similar to water, nutrients are passed
between organisms and the environment
through biogeochemical cycles.
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3–3 Cycles of Matter
Nutrient Cycles
The Carbon Cycle
Biological processes
photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition
take up and release carbon and oxygen.
Geochemical processes
erosion and volcanic activity
release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and
oceans.
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3–3 Cycles of Matter
Nutrient Cycles
Photosynthesis
feeding
Volcanic
activity
Respiration
Decomposition
Human
activity
Erosion
CO2 in Ocean
Respiration
Uplift
Deposition
Photosynthesis
Fossil fuel
feeding
Deposition
BIO – GEO - CHEMICAL
Carbonate
Rocks
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Nutrient Cycles
Photosynthesis
feeding
Volcanic
activity
Respiration
Decomposition
Human
activity
Erosion
CO2 in Ocean
Respiration
Uplift
Deposition
Photosynthesis
Fossil fuel
feeding
Deposition
BIO – GEO - CHEMICAL
Carbonate
Rocks
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Nutrient Cycles
The Nitrogen Cycle
All organisms require nitrogen to make nucleic acids and
proteins!
Although nitrogen gas is the most abundant form of
nitrogen on Earth-80% of atmosphere is N2 gas. THIS IS
UNUSABLE BY ALMOST EVERYTHING, EXCEPT…
Bacteria live in the soil and on the roots of plants called
legumes (beans, clover, etc.).
They convert nitrogen gas (unusable form) into ammonia
(usable form) in a process known as nitrogen fixation.
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3–3 Cycles of Matter
Nutrient Cycles
THEN…
Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into
nitrates and nitrites.
Once these products are available, producers can
use them to make proteins.
Consumers then eat the producers and reuse the
nitrogen to make their own proteins or nucleic acids.
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3–3 Cycles of Matter
Nutrient Cycles
Nitrogen Cycle
Biological Processes –
Decomposition, excretion, nitrogen fixation, eating
plants, carnivores/omnivores eating
herbivores/omnivores, bacterial nitrogen fixation
Geochemical Processes –
Lightning strikes, synthetic fertilizer manufacture
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SCIENCE IS FUN FACTS! (Not needed for notes)
Lightning??? Atmospheric Fixation
The enormous energy of lightning breaks nitrogen
molecules and enables their atoms to combine with
oxygen in the air forming nitrogen oxides. These
dissolve in rain, forming nitrates, that are carried to
the earth.
Atmospheric nitrogen fixation probably contributes
some 5– 8% of the total nitrogen fixed
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Nutrient Cycles
N2 in
Atmosphere
Synthetic fertilizer
manufacturer
Uptake by
producers
Bacterial
nitrogen
fixation
Atmospheric
nitrogen fixation
Denitrification
Reuse by
consumers
Decomposition,
excretion
NH3
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Uptake by
producers
Reuse by
consumers
Decomposition,
excretion
NO3 and
NO2
BIO-GEOCHEMICAL
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Nutrient Cycles
N2 in
Atmosphere
Synthetic fertilizer
manufacturer
Uptake by
producers
Bacterial
nitrogen
fixation
Atmospheric
nitrogen fixation
Denitrification
Reuse by
consumers
Decomposition,
excretion
NH3
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Uptake by
producers
Reuse by
consumers
Decomposition,
excretion
NO3 and
NO2
BIO-GEOCHEMICAL
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Nutrient Cycles
Nitrogen fixation definition – converting
nitrogen gas into ammonia by bacteria in soil
and on roots of plants called legumes.
Denitrification definition – Converting
nitrates into nitrogen gas by different bacteria
in the soil.
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3–3 Cycles of Matter
Nutrient Limitation
Nutrient Limitation
The primary productivity of an ecosystem is the
rate at which organic matter is created by
producers.
One factor that controls the primary productivity of
an ecosystem is the amount of available nutrients.
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Nutrient Limitation
If a nutrient is in short supply, it will limit an
organism's growth.
When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient
that is scarce or cycles very slowly, this substance is
called a limiting nutrient.
Example: Lower amounts of nitrogen or phosphorus
LIMIT the growth of plants
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Transformations
1. Carbon cycle: Organic compounds to CO2 (processes:
respiration, decomposition, or fire)
2. Carbon cycle: CO2 to organic compounds (process:
photosynthesis)
3. Nitrogen cycle: N2 to NO3 (atmospheric nitrogen to plant
utilizable nitrate) (process: N-fixation)
4. Nitrogen cycle: N2 to NH3 (plant utilizable ammonia)
(process: Haber-Bosch Industrial N-fixation)
5. Water cycle: Liquid water to water vapor (process:
evaporation and transpiration)
6. Water cycle: Water vapor to liquid water (process:
condensation)
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Transpiration is part of the
a. water cycle.
b. carbon cycle.
c. nitrogen cycle.
d. phosphorus cycle.
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3–3
Carbon is found in the atmosphere in the form of
a. carbohydrates.
b. carbon dioxide.
c. calcium carbonate.
d. ammonia.
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Biologists describe nutrients as moving through
cycles because the substances
a. start as simple organic forms that plants
need.
b. provide “building blocks” and energy that
organisms need.
c. are passed between organisms and the
environment and then back to organisms.
d. are needed by organisms to carry out life
processes.
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3–3
The only organisms that can convert nitrogen in
the atmosphere into a form useful to living things
are nitrogen-fixing
a. plants.
b. bacteria.
c. detritivores.
d. animals.
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3–3
When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large
input of a limiting nutrient, the result is
a. runoff.
b. algal death.
c. algal bloom.
d. less primary productivity.
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END OF SECTION