Transcript Our Fascinating Earth:

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Little-Seen Kingdoms:
Kingdoms Archaebacteria and
Eubacteria
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Two Bacteria Kingdoms

Prokaryotic organisms – meaning no true
membrane bound nucleus and lack many
organelles.
 Archaebacteria
make up the smaller of the two
kingdoms.
 Cells
walls that lack some special compounds
found in eubacteria.
 Genes that are similar to prokaryotic bacteria
 More likely to be found in extreme
environments
 Examples: boiling springs, salty lakes,
sewage, and intestines of some animals.
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Two Bacteria Kingdoms
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Eubacteria contains more familiar
organisms
 Consists of bacteria that decompose
most organic matter
 This kingdom contains many diseasecausing organisms
 Includes cyanobacteria,
once called blue-green
algae.
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Characteristics of Bacteria

Tiny (average length of about 1
micrometer)
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Reproduce quickly (given right
conditions, can reproduce every 20
minutes!)
 There could be more than 32,000 after
5 hours!!
 Within a week, there could be a lump
of bacteria that would weigh more than
the earth!
 They require a great amount of food to
grow
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Characteristics of Bacteria
They need oxygen to grow rapidly
 They need for proper conditions
limit bacteria growth rate
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Many
bacteria together is called a
colony
Because
of overcrowding in a colony,
realistically, colonies do not get much
larger than the size of half a pea.
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What do Bacteria look like?
 Three
basic shapes:
 Coccus
– spherical
 Spirillium – spiral
 Bacillus – rod shaped
 May
appear as an individual or be grouped
together in different patterns
 Prefix
– “staph” indicates the bacteria are
in a cluster
 Prefix
– “strep” describes bacteria
arranged end to end in long chains
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What do Bacteria look like?
 Prefix
– “strepto” means chains of spherical
bacteria (strep throat).
 Some
bacteria can move:
 Flagella
– long, threadlike structure that
spins like a propeller.
 Reproduce
asexually by binary fission
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The Importance of Bacteria
 Bacteria
can make us sick
 Plague, leprosy, strep
throat, and food
poisoning are caused by bacteria
 Bacteria
are more helpful than harmful.
 Decompose the waste we produce
 Used in production of foods such as:
yogurt, pickles, and cheese.
 Used in the production of antibiotics and
many chemicals
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Review
 Complete
 Complete
Section Review 11A on page 159.
Ideas 11A – p. SA103 – Kingdoms
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
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Little-Seen Kingdoms:
Kingdom Protista
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Kingdom Protista

A very diverse kingdom
Species that can move, obtain
food, and reproduce in many
ways
All have nuclei and are
unicellular
Do not form water-conducting
tissue
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Two Groups of Protists
 Two
general types of organisms: protozoa and
algae
 Protozoa:
 Animal
like protists
 Move themselves and capture prey
 Paramecium and amoeba
 Algae:
 Plant
like protists
 Perform photosynthesis
 Unable to move themselves
 spirogyra
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Structure and Movement
 Euglena
exhibit traits of both types of protists.
 Have
flagella and can move like protozoa
 Carry on photosynthesis like algae
 If
a cell can live on its own, apart from a group,
it is unicellular
 If
it cannot live on its own, apart from the group,
it is multicellular
A
group of unicellular protists living together,
though it is capable of living on its own, is
called a colony.
 In
multicellular forms, special groups of cells
that perform specific tasks are called tissues
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Structure and Movement

Three general ways protists move:
 Flagella
– whiplike hairs (whipped back
and forth)
 Euglena
 Cilia – small, hairlike projections (move
back and forth like tiny oars)
 Paramecium
 Pseudopodia – involves a cell forming a
bulge as its cytoplasm flows in one
direction, attaches to the surface, and
becomes more firm. The bulge anchors and
then moves the cell forward.
 Amoeba
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Nutrition in Protists
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Protists eat other protists, bacteria, whatever
debris floating their way, and some use energy
from sunlight to make their own food.
 Paramecium
– have an oral groove
 Spirogyra
– have no mouth; cells have
chloroplasts (make their own food)
 Euglena
– can either produce its own food or
pull food into an opening at the base of its
flagella.
 Some
have food vacuoles, where food is
engulfed.
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Importance of Protists

Are important to lives to other
organisms
 Influence
plankton – which are
microscopic organisms that
float or drift near the ocean’s
surface.
 Plankton
is the food source for
most of the ocean’s animals
 Some
say, 90% of all food
energy in the ocean originates
from protists with chloroplasts.
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Importance of Protists
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Important diseases and harmful
events also caused by protists:
Malaria
African Sleeping sickness
The
overpopulation of dinoflagellites
cause the ocean water to turn reddish,
brown. This is known as a red tide
and is deadly to fish.
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Reproduction in Protists
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Asexual reproduction
 Fragmentation
– when a filament
breaks and through mitotic cell
division, each filament forms a new
colony where there was only one.
Sexual
reproduction
 Conjugation
– when filaments
exchange contents of the cell.
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Little-Seen Kingdoms:
Kingdom Fungi
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Characteristics of Fungi
 There
are two typical fungi –
 Black bread mold
 An edible mushroom
 Fungal
cells are long filaments called hyphae
 They are connected end to end
 May be grouped with others to form larger
structures
 Black bread mold is an example of
filamentous hyphae
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Characteristics of Fungi
 Another
structural similarity – spores
 Some species produce up to five different
types of spores.
 Spores are involved in reproduction and
survive through unfavorable growth
conditions.
 Fungi produce spores in different ways
 These ways determine how fungi is
classified
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Black Bread Mold
More
than “fuzzy black stuff”
Has three types of hyphae:
Rhizoids – rootlike
Stolons – spreading
Sporangia – sporebearing
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The Edible Mushroom
 The
main parts of the edible mushroom:
 Stalk
 Cap
 Gills
 Made
of densely packed hyphae called
mycelia
 In most mushrooms, spores are produced on
the tips of special cells on the gills
 Some mushrooms may not have gills but have
a cap with pores on the underside – and in
this case, spores are produced within pores.
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Obtaining Energy
 Fungi
do not have chloroplasts, therefore,
they must obtain energy from material
around them – but they cannot engulf food.
 Fungi secrete digestive enzymes into the
area around them
 The enzymes digest the food, and then it is
absorbed into the fungal hyphae.
 If the food is already dead BEFORE the
fungus absorbs it, the fungus is called a
saprophyte
 If the food is alive, the fungus is called a
parasite
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Obtaining Energy
 Some
fungi live together with algae in
such an intertwined condition that they
appear as a single organism called a
lichen
 They obtain energy from living and dead
algal cells.
 The algae receive protection, water, and
perhaps some minerals from fungus.
 When both organisms benefit from living
together – it is called a symbiotic
relationship.
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Obtaining Energy
 Fungi
that live in symbiotic association
with the roots of plants are called
mycorrhizae
 They absorb minerals from the soil much
better than roots can alone
 In exchange for minerals, the plant
provides the fungus with energy-rich
sugar molecules.
 Plants with mycorrhizae usually grow
better than identical plants without
mycorrhizae
+ Ecological and Economic Importance
 Fungi
affect your life in two major areas:
 Important members of the natural
environment
 Several multimillion-dollar industries
are based on fungi and their
byproducts
 Fungi and bacteria are the main
decomposers in the world.
 Nutrients released through decomposition
are absorbed by plant roots
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 Interact
with plants in beneficial ways, such
as symbiotic mycorrhizae
 Interact in harmful ways, such as plant
diseases
 Fungi are used in the production of many
marketable products:
 Bluecheese
 Yeast
 Harvested cacao beans fertilized by
fungus
 Penicillin – an extract from a mold
called Penicillium
 Cyclosporine – used by organ transplant
patients.