Transcript Microbiological Hazards of Tilapia Culture Systems

Aquaculture in Arizona - Research and
Extension
Kevin Fitzsimmons
Environmental Research Lab
Soil, Water and Environmental Science
University of Arizona
Oct. 2, 2000
Introduction
• Aquaculture is the fastest growing sector in
production agriculture in the US and
worldwide.
• Aquatic plants and animals are only now
being domesticated.
• US industry is dwarfed by aquaculture in
Asia, Europe and Latin America.
• Arizona industry is in infancy.
Introduction (cont.)
• Aquaculture systems can be extensive
(ponds)
Introduction (cont.)
• Semi-intensive (raceways and cages)
Introduction (cont.)
• Intensive (tanks and multiple
raceways)
Introduction (cont.)
• Superintensive (recirculating
controlled environment systems)
Introduction (cont.)
• Arizona has all types of systems
even within the small industry.
Introduction (cont.)
• Arizona has all types of systems even within the
small industry.
• Shrimp, trout, tilapia, catfish, koi,
grass carp
Introduction (cont.)
• Arizona has all types of systems even within the
small industry.
• Shrimp, trout, tilapia, catfish, koi, grass carp
• Fee fishing
Introduction (cont.)
• Arizona has all types of systems even within the
small industry.
• Shrimp, trout, tilapia, catfish, koi, grass carp
• Fee fishing
• Aquaculture in the classroom
Research Projects
• Effluent management
• Integration of aquaculture and
agriculture
• Human pathogens in production
systems
• Tilapia production
Research - Effluent management
• Concentrated Animal Feeding
Operations (CAFO’s)
• Aquaculture operations producing 50,000
+ lbs per year, with discharge to waters of
the U.S. are considered CAFO’s (CWA,
Section 318)
• CAFO regulations are developed by the
states and reviewed by the EPA.
• EPA is considering new aquaculture
industry specific regulations
Research Projects - Integration
of aquaculture and agriculture
• Virtually all of Arizona’s crops are
irrigated, using millions of cubic
meters of water
• Much of this water could be used for
aquaculture first
• Increase organic and nutrient content
of water
Research Projects - Integration of
aquaculture and agriculture
• Experimental work at MAC and
Safford
• Irrigate cotton crops with water from
catfish ponds and well water
• Measure differences in water quality,
nitrogen requirements & cotton yield
• Determine economic impact
Research Projects - Integration of
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aquaculture and agriculture
First use of water for extensive pond
culture.
Pond filled with well water.
Catfish stocked at 7,000 kg/ha
Second use to irrigate and fertilize
cotton.
Replicated plots irrigated with well
water and pond water.
Research Projects - Integration of
25
20
15
Well
Pond
10
5
em
be
r
Se
pt
Au
gu
st
Ju
ly
Ju
ne
M
ay
0
Ap
ril
Total N applied with water (kg/ha)
aquaculture and agriculture
• Water pH reduced from 8.3 to 8.0
• Added 19.7 kg/ha N to 45 kg/ha used
in standard fertilization schedule.
Research Projects - Integration of
3
2.5
2
Well
Pond
1.5
1
0.5
em
be
r
Se
pt
Au
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st
Ju
ly
Ju
ne
M
ay
0
Ap
ril
Total P applied with water (kg/ha)
aquaculture and agriculture
• Contributed 2.6 kg/ha P to crop.
Research Projects - Integration of
aquaculture and agriculture
• RESULTS
• No significant difference in cotton
yield.
• Split cost of water results in savings to
farmers ($120/ha).
Research Projects - Human
pathogens in production systems
• Most aquaculture systems encourage
nitrifying and heterotrophic bacteria to
improve water quality
• Farmers want to maximize the benefits
of these types of bacteria in ponds
• Could human pathogens be present in
pond environment?
Research Projects - Human
pathogens in production systems
• Seven fish culture systems were
monitored for bacterial populations
• Four recirculating systems with
biofilters
• Three ponds with plastic, concrete or
earthen walls and bottom
Research Projects - Human
pathogens in production systems
• Each system was sampled for influent
to filter or pond and effluent from filter
or pond
• Water quality parameters (pH, DO,
ammonia, nitrates, turbidity, alkalinity.)
Results for seven systems
tested
Total coliforms (CFU's/100ml) 0.04 - 10.0 *105
Fecal coliforms (CFU's/100ml) 0.01 - 3.1* 105
Enterococci (CFU's/100ml)
0.5 - 1.8*103
C. perfringens (CFU's/100ml) 0.1 - 1.1*102
E. coli (present)
Yes
Salmonella (present)
ND
Discussion
• Total coliforms and fecal coliforms are
normally indicators of mammalian
waste
• Outdoor ponds all had dogs on site for
bird control, dogs and people were
often in ponds
• Indoor systems had no known source
Discussion
• Total coliforms and fecal coliforms
were present in all systems
• In all but one case they were high
enough to indicate possible
contamination
• Look for source of contamination
Discussion
• Non detects of Salmonella may imply
other source
• Could be that other heterotrophic
bacteria are interfering with tests
providing false positives
Discussion
• If systems are in fact harboring human
pathogens, care must be taken
• Remove sources
• Reduce pathogen levels in system
• Provide protective measures for
workers and processors
Discussion
• No numerical limits on bacteria in
systems by regulators (may change)
• Proper handling techniques required
(wearing gloves, rinsing with
chlorinated or ozonated water)
Discussion
• Additional research should determine
if these indicator bacteria are really the
pathogens
• Are fish pathogens present
• Existing best management practices
will reduce chances of infection
Research Projects •
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Tilapia aquaculture
Several species which readily
hybridize
Fast growing, herbivores-omnivores
Native to Middle East and Africa
Established and farmed in tropical
regions
Farmed in most temperate regions
Research Projects Tilapia aquaculture
• Introduced to Arizona in 1960’s for
weed control in irrigation canals
• Farms in desert parts of state
• Research has included nutrition,
genetics, water quality effects on
growth, and market development
Tilapia in the Americas
Tilapia imports to US
(1992-2000)
Figure 1. Tilapia product forms imported to the U.S.
40000
35000
Me tric tons
30000
25000
Whole Frozen
Whole Frozen
20000
Fillet Frozen
Fillet Fresh
15000
10000
Fillet Frozen
5000
0
1992
Fillet Fresh
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Value of Tilapia imports
(1992-2000)
Figure 2. Value of Tilapia product forms imported to the U.S.
$100,000,000
$90,000,000
$80,000,000
$70,000,000
Whole Frozen
$ US
$60,000,000
Whole Frozen
Fillet Frozen
$50,000,000
Fillet Fresh
$40,000,000
Fillet Frozen
$30,000,000
$20,000,000
Fillet Fresh
$10,000,000
$0
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Source of US Tilapia supply
2000 (by volume)
2000 US Tilapia Supply
HONDURAS US
12%
5%
TAIWAN
28%
INDONESIA
3%
ECUADOR
13%
OTHER
4%
CHINA
24%
JAMAICA
1%
COSTA RICA
10%
Research Projects Tilapia aquaculture
• Edited two International Proceedings
on Tilapia in Aquaculture
Extension Projects
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Economic impacts
Fee fishing
Arizona aquaculture web site
Arid Lands Aquaculture Newsletter
Aquaculture in the classroom
Extension Projects - Economic
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impact
Distributed survey to all fish producers
Determined inputs (salaries, feeds,
fingerlings, water, etc)
Determined production (sales)
Proportions in and out of county &
state
Used IMPLAN and other models
Extension Projects - Economic
impact
• Expenditures & sales for Az. aquaculture
Total
FTE's
Expend in
county
Expend in
State
Expend out
State
44.5
%
$845,000
0.3908
$407,000
0.1883
$910,000
0.4209
Total expend
Sales in
county
$2,162,000
1.000
Sales in state
$599,000
0.3401
$935,000
0.5309
Sales out
state
Total sales
$227,000
0.1289
$1,761,000
1.000
• % of annual ownership and operating costs
Operating
Investment
AGRIC
Feed
AGRIC
AGRIC
Chemicals Labor
R TRADE AGRIC
SERVS
Fuel
Fingerlings Repairs
FIRES
Interest
FIRES
CONSTR TCPUT
Tax & Ins. DepreciationWater
TOTALS
0.48
0
0.005
0
0.14
0
0.01
0
0.12
0
0.025
0
0.03
0.05
0
0.01
0
0.08
0.05
0
0.86
0.14
$302,680
$21,620
$259,440
$54,050
$172,960
$21,620
$172,960
$108,100
$2,162,000
$1,037,760 $10,810
Extension Projects - Economic
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impact
Multipliers for additional $ of sales
Keynsian M=1/(1-(b-X1-X2)
1.099 for local (county) economy
1.111 for state economy
Tiebout’s M=1/(1-p1*p2)
1.3537 for local (county) economy
1.6340 for state economy
Extension Projects - Economic
impact
• Multipliers for job creation
Statewide
AGRIC
MINIG
CONST
MANUF
TCPUT
WTRADE
RTRADE
FIRES
SERVS
PADMN
TOTAL
AGRIC
(AQUA)
1.1482
0.05235
0.01539
0.01170
0
0.00938
0.11863
0.02392
0.08157
0.03742
1.49856
Ag Comm
(Safford)
AGRIC
MINIG
CONST
MANUF
TCPUT
WTRADE
RTRADE
FIRES
SERVS
PADMN
TOTAL
AGRIC
(AQUA)
1.69562
0.0
0.04392
0.02473
0
0.06219
0.16886
0.07229
0.18983
0.07853
2.33597
Extension Projects - Economic
impact
• ARIZONA Aquaculture Production
Thousand Pounds/Thousand Dollars (farm gate)
Bass (lbs)
Bass ($)
Catfish (lbs)
Catfish ($)
Tilapia (lbs)
Tilapia ($)
Trout (lbs)
Trout ($)
Shrimp (lbs)
Shrimp ($)
Other (lbs)
Other ($)
1996
240
$660
430
$430
415
$450
340
$600
<1
<1
12
$302
1997
200
$500
450
$450
450
$562
300
$600
6
$30
12
$300
1998
150
$400
400
$440
425
$531
300
$600
187
$935
12
$300
1999
120
$420
400
$440
400
$500
300
$600
217
$1,085
12
$300
TOTAL (lbs)
TOTAL ($)
1,437
$2,442
1,418
$2,442
1,474
$3,206
1,449
$3,345
Extension Projects - Fee fishing
• Visit and interview farms / pay lakesponds
• Provide extension bulletins
• Marketing promotions
• Provide web sites
Extension Projects - Arizona
Aquaculture Website
• Develop and maintain Website
• Develop content appropriate to
clientele
Extension Projects - Arizona
Aquaculture Newsletter
Extension Projects
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Teach summer short course
Provide lab tours, on-site visits
Develop web site and CD-ROM
Provide fish for classrooms
Host Career Development Events
Arizona Aquaculture
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Growing industry
More efficient use of limited resources
Skill levels of practitioners increasing
Markets for locally produced fish are
improving
Dawn of Arizona Aquaculture