Transcript Ecology: the study of interrelationships between organisms and their

Properties of life
Levels of organization
Subatomic
particles
atoms
molecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
biosphere
Organ systems
ecosystem
Multicellular
ORGANISM!
community
population
Levels of organization
Subatomic
particles
atoms
molecules
organelles
Smallest
living unit
cells
tissues
organs
biosphere
Organ systems
ecosystem
Multicellular
ORGANISM!
community
population
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic
Primitive
Simple
DNA is in nucleiod region
No membrane bound
organelles
Smaller
Eukaryotic
modern
complex
DNA is in nucleus
membrane bound
organelles
Larger
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Domains/Kingdoms
• Archae: single-celled, prokaryotic, extreme
environments, look like bacteria
• Bacteria (Eubacteria): true bacteria, single-celled,
prokaryotic, includes E. coli
• Eukarya:
Protista: single-celled plants and animals, eukaryotic,
includes Paramecium (pond water organisms)
Fungi: multicellular, eukaryotic, chemotrophs,
decompsers, includes: yeasts, molds and mushrooms
Plantae: multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophs
(photosynthesis), includes: grass, shrubs, trees
Animalia: multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs, motile,
includes: you!
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic
Primitive
Simple
DNA is in nucleiod region
No membrane bound
organelles
Smaller
Bacteria, Archae
Eukaryotic
modern
complex
DNA is in nucleus
membrane bound
organelles
Larger
Protists, Fungi, Plants
Animals (Eukarya)
Taxonomy
• Linnaeus/binomial name (Genus species)
• Humans = Homo sapiens
• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family,
Genus, Species
• Homology = similarity in structure due to a
common ancestor
• Analogy = similarity in function not due to
a common ancestor
• DNA comparison
Homologous Structures
Let’s play:
Which is more closely related?
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BAT, BIRD, DOG??
BAT & BIRD?
BAT & DOG?
DOG & BIRD?
BAT & DOG!!
WHY??
THEY ARE BOTH MAMMALS (fur and
teeth)
Schools of Taxonomy
• Phenetics: looks for similarity and
differences whether homology or analogy
• Phylogenetics/systematics: use
homologies to map evolutionary
relationship
Phylogenetic tree: series of branches
Energy flow: Food Chain
Grass
(producer)
Mouse
(herbivore)
Snake
(primary
carnivore)
Hawk
(secondary
carnivore)
Should this be drawn in a line as above or another shape???
Energy pyramid
What did we leave out??
Grass
(producer)
Mouse
(herbivore)
Snake
(primary
carnivore)
Hawk
(secondary
carnivore)
Decomposers (detritivores) = the recyclers!!!
Food Web
(multiple food chains)
Energy Flow/Nutrient Cycle
Natural Selection (best adapted
survives and reproduces)
Charles Darwin
English Peppered Moth
Example
English Peppered Moth Example
Before industrial revolution After industrial revolution
Galapagos Ground Finch
Study by Rosemary and Peter Grant
In dry years average beak depth increases
-birds with large bills survive better
-more large seeds available
In wet years average beak depth decreases
-birds with small bills survive better
-more small seeds available
Reznick/Endler Study on Guppies
• Guppies in Trinidad (Caribbean)
• Correlated changes in life history
characteristics with type of predator
• Small predator (Killifish) preys on juvenile
guppies
• Large predator (Pike Cichlid) preys on
large sexually mature guppies
• Guppies with cichlids repro at younger age
The Experiment
• Experimental Group: guppies transplanted
from pike cichlid to killifish pools
• Control Group: guppies that remained in
pike cichlid pools
• What happened??
• Experimental Group/transplanted guppies
gained an average of 14% greater mass