Transcript Additional Notes with images

C 18 Test Review Notes
The study of organisms requires the use
of both large and small categories of
organisms.
Scientists assign each type of organism a
universally accepted name in the
system known as binomial
nomenclature.
For many species, there are often
regional differences in their common
names.
Scientists have identified and named a fraction
of all species.
In the scientific version of a species name, the
first term is capitalized only.
Genus Name
Example:
Craspedacusta sowerbyi
species name
Craspedacusta sowerbyi
Based on their names, you know that the
baboons Papio annubis and Papio
cynocephalus belong to the same genus, but
to different species.
Binomial , or two-part, names are much shorter
than early versions of scientific names.
Carolus Linnaeus developed a system of
classification using 7 taxonomic categories:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species
A Kingdom is composed of a number of
related phyla.
A Phylum contains a number of classes.
A Class contains a number of orders.
An Order contain a number of families.
A Family contains a number of genera.
A Genus contains one or more species.
Often, the species (second part) name of
a scientific name is a Latinized
description of a particular trait.
Traditional classification tended to take
into account primarily general
similarities in appearance.
Carolus Linnaeus recognized only two
kingdoms: Plants and Animals
The Kingdom is the largest and most
general category of classification.
Evolutionary classification is grouping
organisms based on their evolutionary
history.
In evolutionary classification, species
within one genus should be more similar
to one another than they are to species
in other genera.
In biology, an evolutionary innovation is
also referred to as a derived character.
An analysis of derived characters is used
to generate a cladogram.
When scientists perform cladistic
analysis, they consider derived
characters.
Cladistic analysis shows the order in which
derived characters evolved.
Similar genes are evidence of common
ancestry.
The degree of relatedness can be determined
from the genes of dissimilar organisms such
as a cow and a yeast?
Humans and yeasts have similar genes for the
assembly of certain proteins.
All organisms in the kingdoms Protista, Plantae,
Fungi, and Animalia are eukaryotes.
Neutral mutations accumulate at a steady
rate is the main idea of the model of a
molecular clock.
In the late 1800s a three-kingdom
classification system was used. This
system contained animals, plants, and
protists.
Fungi was once grouped with plants in
earlier classification systems.
Protista contains very diverse organisms
that do not fit into the other kingdoms.
The domain that contains unicellular
organisms that live in extreme
environments is Archaea.
The two domains composed of only
unicellular organisms are Archaea and
Bacteria.
The three-domain system arose when
scientists grouped organisms according
to how long they have been evolving
independently.
The three-domain system recognizes
fundamental differences between two
groups of prokaryotes.
It is thought that the three domains of
living things diverged from a common
ancestor before the evolution of the
main groups of eukaryotes.
When scientists use a scientific name for
an organism, they can be certain they
are all discussing the same organism.
The domain Bacteria is composed of the
kingdom Eubacteria.
The domain Eukarya contains plants,
fungi, protists, and animals—which are
all eukaryotes.
The animals Panthera leo (lion) and
Panthera tigris (tiger) belong to the
same genus.
The use of a two-part scientific name for
organisms is called binomial
nomenclature.
In taxonomy, different classes of
organisms might be grouped into a
phylum, which is the next (larger)
category.
In Linnaeus’s system of classification, the two
smallest categories are genus and species.
In taxonomy, the class Mammalia is grouped
with the classes Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia, and
several classes of fishes into the phylum
Chordata.
Traditional classification is based on general
similarities of body structure among
organisms.
In traditional classification, some similarities that
were used to group organisms were based on
convergent evolution instead of a shared
evolutionary history.
In cladistic analysis, a characteristic that
arises as a lineage of organisms
evolves over time is called a derived
character.
DNA analyses show that the genes of
many dissimilar organisms show
important similarities at the molecular
level.
Evidence shows that very dissimilar
organisms, such as yeasts and humans,
have some genes in common, indicating
that they share a common ancestor.
The six kingdoms of life include bacteria
that have cell walls with peptidoglycan,
bacteria that have cell walls without
peptidoglycan, protists, fungi, animals,
and plants.
Unlike the five-kingdom system of
classification, the six-kingdom system
breaks Monera into two groups.