Transcript Classification `15

Scientific Classification-the division
of organisms into groups based on
shared characteristics
Taxonomy-The science of
classifying organisms
1707-1778
Carolus Linnaeus-“father of
modern taxonomy” where
organisms are grouped into
“taxa” based on their similarities
to each other
Ursus americanus
American Black Bear
Binomial Nomenclature:
“a two-name system”
First part of name: genus, first letter
always capitalized
Second part of name: species, first
letter always lowercase
Entire name is italicized
Names submitted by original discoverer,
and are generally Latin
• Canis domesticus
• (dog)
• Latin names gives clues about
the organism
• Canis lupus
• (wolf)
The Old System
• 5 Kingdom Classification System:
– Monera: all prokaryotes (no
nucleus)
– Protista: single-celled eukaryotes
(protists)
– Fungi: multi-cellular consumer,
sessile,eukaryotes
– Plantae: multi-cellular producer,
sessile, eukaryotes
– Animalia: multi-cellular consumer,
motile eukaryotes
6 Kingdom Proposal
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
•Organisms are grouped into
smaller and smaller groups
all the way down to their
species
•A species is the most
specific grouping and
includes only organisms that
can interbreed with each
other and produce fertile
offspring
3 Domain System:
– Archaea: prokaryotes (no nucleus)
extremophiles, single-celled
– Eubacteria: prokaryotes ; true bacteria
– Eukarya: eukaryotes (true nucleus)
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Protista
Fungi
plants
animals
Domain Archaea
Domain Archaea, Kingdom Archaea
• Single cell, no nucleus(prokaryotic)
• Microbiologists who study bacteria
determined that the DNA of these are much
different from other, true bacteria
• Most Archaea live in extreme conditions (very
hot, acidic/basic, sulfurous, etc)
• Reproduce asexually
Domain Eubacteria
Domain Eubacteria, Kingdom Bacteria
• Single cell, no nucleus(prokaryotic)
• Name means “true bacteria”
• These are the kind of bacteria likely to make us
sick, live in our gut to help us digest food, or be
used in the making of cheese, yogurt
• Helpful and harmful
• Reproduce asexually, by binary fission
Domain Eukarya
• Contains all of the eukaryotes
(organisms with a nucleus in their
cells)
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–
–
–
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Kingdom Protista—consumers, producers &
decomposers Eukaryotic (true nucleus), mostly unicellular,
(some, like algae is multicellular)organisms, most
reproduce asexually
Paramecium
Water Mold
Euglena
Giardia
Slime Mold
Dinoflagellates Green Algae
Brown Algae
Diatom
Kingdom Fungi
Eukaryotic (true nucleus), multicellular, (except yeast)
heterotrophic (consumers), sessile(immobile)
organisms, reproduce asexually
Includes: molds, mushrooms, rusts, lichens
Kingdom Plantae
Bryophyte
(Moss)
Pteridophyte
(Fern)
• All eukaryotic, multicellular,
• Autotrophic (makes own
food), non-moving,
organisms
• Produce their own food from
sunlight, carbon dioxide &
water, reproduce sexually &
• asexually
Coniferophytes
(Pine Trees)
Angiosperm;
Dicot
Angiosperm;
Monocot
Animal Kingdom
Animal Kingdom
• All eukaryotic (true nucleus), multicellular,
heterotrophic (consumers) , motile (most able
to move) organisms, reproduce sexually
(most)
Branching Diagrams (cladograms)
• Branching
diagrams show the
close evolutionary
relationships
between
organisms.
• As characteristics
differ, branches in
the diagram form.
Human Classification
Dichotomous Keys
1a. Organism has 4 legs
Go to # 2
1b. Organism has more than 4 legs
Go to # 20
2a. Organism has a tail
Go to # 3
2b. Organism has no tail
Go to # 35
3a. Organism has stripes
Bengal Tiger
3b. Organism has no stripes
African Lion
Dichotomous Key
• Try this one:
1a. Organism walks on all 4 legs (quadruped)
2
1b. Organism walks on 2 legs (biped)
8
2a. Organism has visible fur
3
2b. Organism has no visible fur
20
3a. Organism lives in warm climates
7
3b. Organism lives in cold climates
4
4a. Organism has brown or black fur
Ursus americanus
4b. Organism has white fur
Ursus maritimus