Transcript Ch. 18, Classification

Ch. 18, Classification
Sec. 18-1
Finding Order In Diversity
• Biologists have identified 1.5 million species, and
they estimate 2-100 million species have yet to
be identified
• Order out of chaos?
• Classification
– A system to name and group
organisms in a logical order, used
to study diversity of life
• Taxonomy
– Classifying organisms and giving
them a universally accepted name
Scientific Name? Common Name?
• Using common names is confusing
– Mountain lion, cougar, bear cat, puma, panther
Grrrrrr.
.
• 18th century scientists agreed to use a single name for each
species, and to use Latin as the common language
• Carolus Linnaeus- a Swedish botanist
Box 8
(mid 1700’s) who developed the
binominal nomenclature system of 2 Rules of the Binominal
Nomenclature System:
naming organisms
1. Written in italics
– Binominal Nomenclature =
2. First word is
2 word naming system we
capitalized, second
still use today
word is in lower
case
Carolus Linnaeus
All bears are NOT
alike- but they are all
bears.
Scientific
Names
Scientific Names of bears:
Common Name: Grizzly
Bear
Scientific Name: Ursidae
Ursus arctos
Common Name: Polar Bear
Scientific Name: Ursidae
Ursus maritimus
Common Name: Black
Bear
Scientific Name: Ursidae
Ursus americanus
What are the reoccurring
words?
Common Name: Panda
Bear
Scientific Name: Ursidae
Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Common Name: Sloth
Bear
Scientific Name: Ursidae
Melursus ursinus
Scientific Names
• For a grizzly bear, Ursus is the genus name
Common Name: Grizzly Bea
and arctos is the species name
Scientific Name: Ursus arcto
• Species names are unique to that individual group of
organisms and are usually a description of an important
trait or an indication of where that organism lives
• Ursus maritimus, where does he live?
– Maritim means to live near the sea
Felis domesticus, cat
what does “domesticus” mean?
Domesticus = “of the house”
Meow.
Common Name: Polar Bear
Scientific Name: Ursus maritimus
Linnaeus’s System of Classification
• Linnaeus’s system is hierarchical, and includes
7 levels (largest to smallest)
Example: Humans
Kingdom
Animalia
Largest- plants, animals, insects, fish, bacteria- everything
fits in here
Phylum
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Good
Spaghetti
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Smallest
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
sapiens
Bear Classification as an Example
Grizzly bear Black bear
Giant
panda
Red fox
Squirrel
Coral
snak
e
Sea star
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
Question:
Which organism is more
closely related to the
polar bear, the squirrel
or the fox?
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
Common Name: Polar Bear
Scientific Name: Ursus maritimus
Sec. 18-3
Kingdoms and Domains
Tree of Life
• In Linnaeus’s time, life was
much simpler. Either you
were a plant or an animal.
• Today, classification is more
complicated.
– Protists? Bacteria?
Viruses?
Domain
Three Domain System
• Now, we have another level added to Linnaeus’s 7
level system, called Domains
• Today, we have 3 Domains
– Bacteria = all bacteria in the
kingdom Eubacteria, unicellular,
members are Prokaryotes
– Archae = includes the
kingdom Archaebacteria
– Eukarya = protists, fungi, plants and
animals
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Section 18-3
Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of
Kingdoms and Domains
Page 459
DOMAIN
Bacteria
Classification of Living
Eukarya
Archaea
Things
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
CELL TYPE
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
CELL
STRUCTUR
ES
NUMBER
OF CELLS
MODE OF
NUTRITION
EXAMPLES
Cell walls with
peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Cell walls
without
peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotroph or Autotroph or
heterotroph heterotroph
Streptococcu
s,
Escherichia
coli
Methanogens,
halophiles
Protista
Eukaryote
May have cell
walls of
cellulose
and/or
chloroplasts
Most
unicellular;
some colonial;
some
multicellular
Autotroph
or
heterotrop
Amoeba,
Parameciu
h
m, slime
molds,
giant kelp
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Cell
walls of
chitin
Some
unicellular;
most
multicellul
ar
Heterotrop
h
Mushroom
s, yeasts
No cell
Cell walls
walls or
of
chloroplast
cellulose;
s
chloroplast
s
Multicellular Multicellular
Autotroph
Mosses,
ferns,
flowering
plants
Heterotrop
h
Sponges,
worms,
insects,
fishes,
mammals
Classification Crest:
• On the left side pages, directly
across from your notes, you are
to create a classification crest.
Create a crest for King Phillip.
Be sure to include the phrase,
King Phillip came over for good
spaghetti and the 7 levels of
classification:
• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus and Species
• Include Color!!!