Transcript closed-loop-pond

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Developing Concepts, Background & Theories of Shrimp Culture
To deeply understand how the SHRIMP CULTURE FEEDING in the closed-looppond has been functional, the main theories, philosophies and concepts are copied
and simulated from NATURAL FOOD CHAIN of the open sea. So in order to
understand how shrimp can survive and grow in symbiosis natural environment, we
have to create & stimulate, all factors and conditions of such circumstance in the
closed-loop-pond through our intensively TEST & RESEARCH of all hypothesis to
find out and certified how such factors is co-functionally and interactively work among
each others.
Mobilization “Symbiosis’s Equilibrium” simulating from “Natural Food Chain”
Shrimps Culture in Simulator Closed-loop-pond
WATER
(10-30 ppt)
SHRIMPS
FLOCK/ PLANKTON
SLUDGE
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Basic “Farm Management Knowledge” to Know
1. Site Criteria Selection, Pond Design & System (Slide no. 3-18)
2. Water Preparation for White Shrimp Management (Slide no. 19-28)
3. Plankton Preparation as Water Stabilizer (Slide no. 29-48)
4. Pond Necessity Equipments (Slide no. 49-52)
5. Shrimp (Slide no. 53-79)
6. Checking Feed Net & Feeding Program (Slide no. 80-83)
7. White Shrimp Farm Culture Manipulating (Slide no. 84-211)
8. Frequency Ask Questions (FAQ) (Slide no. 212 – 222 )
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Site Criteria Selection, Pond Design & System
1. Site and Soil Conditions
For Mobilizing & Equilibrium Shrimps Culture in
Simulator Closed-loop-pond
2. Pond Design & Construction
2.1 Shape
2.2 Size
Ventilation
System &
2.3 Pond Walls
Concept
2.4 Aerator Position
2.5 Settle Pond Trap
2.6 Toxic Substance causes by
Sediment waste/sludge
2.7 Cleaning & natural eliminating
bacteria Vibrio spp. at pond bottom
after harvesting
2.8 Liming for eliminating bacteria
Pond
Design
Concept
PRODUCTIVITY
3. Reservoir
4. Inlet piping and pumping system
5. Infrastructure accessibility
Site Selection
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Site Criteria Selection, Pond Design & System
1. Site and Soil Conditions
- Should be on flat land.
- Clay or soil has high humus (loam based soils) with a pH higher than 5 are
preferable.
- Should be outside the mangrove area (cause the pyrite to the water), there
are high organic content and acidic nature.
- Sandy soil may be used, but this can lead to problems, susceptible to
erosion, the porous nature of sand allows water to soak through and the
penetration of waste deep into the soil.
- Potential acid sulphate soil may contain deposits of jarosite when dried
that will leach an acidic red / orange solution of iron salts when wet. Acid
soil can be increasing the risks of poor production and disease.
(Not recommend)
- Avoid pollutants form industrial, urban or agricultural run off areas.
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Clay and loam based soil with a pH higher than 5 are preferable.
Sandy soil can lead to problems,
susceptible to erosion, the porous
nature of sand allows water to
penetrate of waste deep into the soil.
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Jarosite effect not recommend
Mangrove effect not recommend
Mangrove areas are high content organic and acidic nature.
And potential acid sulphate soil may contain deposits of jarosite when
dried that will leach an acidic red / orange solution of iron salts when
wet.
2. Pond Design & Construction
2.1 Shape : the shape is conjunction with aerators’ position and the water
flow, uses for controlling & directing the movement of waste. Square or
circular ponds are the most efficient.
2.2 Size : smaller ponds are easier to manage, but initial equipment
investment are the same expensive to construct & operate as the bigger
ones. Under most efficient feeding circumstances, ponds of 0.5-1 hectare
are the most suitable for high yield systems.
2.3 Pond walls : pond walls and edges should be preventable flooding during
heavy rains. Compacting the soil on the pond walls can also significantly
reduce erosion and leaching/ sliding.
2.4 Aerator position : directing water movement and waste, providing
oxygenation. As the number of shrimp vary to the number of aerators
required.
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2.5 Settle pond trap : collecting sediment and sludge waste.
- The waste/sludge must be trapped & accumulated at central of pond at
the initial pond design, helping of paddlewheels for circulating &
directing water/sludge. During feeding of entire period, ponds must be
effectively sucked sludge through pump system.
- Removed all sediment after harvesting shrimp by tilling new surface soil
to prevent acid soil and allow new beneath soil expose to sun light &
air for oxidation soil and reducing strong acid-reverse-effect once the
pond is rewatering. Acid soils can be reduced by heavy lime application.
- Waste on the surface will usually be lighter than the waste at the pond
bottom with high-organic-content, black color and will automatically
generate toxic substances (including ammonia & hydrogen sulphide),
caused unhealthy and unfriendly environment and
circumstance to shrimp
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2.6 Toxic Substance causes by Sediment waste/sludge
- Sources of waste and sludge : Came from erosion of water-circulation’s
ground pond, washes off the soil walls from water-circulation-affect,
shrimp faeces, uneaten food, dead plankton, lime and suspended
substance from the in-feed water.
- The accumulated sludge consumes more oxygen and generated due to
decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic material under aerobic and
anaerobic, caused ammonia or hydrogen sulphide (is only produced
under anaerobic (no air & O2) conditions) which is not friendly
environment for shrimp, this such unavoidable-cycling-environment
good for bacterial and protozoal pathogens such as Vibrio spp. and
Zoothamnium spp. which cause infection disease to shrimp.
- Ammonia toxic will show & effective at high pH (8.5 upward) and
hydrogen sulphide toxic will see at low pH (7.0 downward). (See table in
next page )
- Bacteria and plankton perform the natural-food-chain-dissolving of toxic
substance and wastes in shrimp ponds. These processes are
regenerated by the amount of oxygen existing in the pond, temperature
and water circulation.
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pH
Temperature
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
7.0
0.34
0.40
0.46
0.52
0.60
0.70
0.81
0.95
7.2
0.54
0.63
0.72
0.82
0.95
1.10
1.27
1.51
7.4
0.86
0.99
1.14
1.30
1.50
1.73
2.00
2.36
7.6
1.35
1.56
1.79
2.05
2.35
2.72
3.13
3.69
7.8
2.12
2.45
2.80
3.21
3.68
4.24
4.88
5.72
8.0
3.32
3.83
4.37
4.99
5.71
6.55
7.52
8.77
8.2
5.16
5.94
6.76
7.68
8.75
10.00
11.41
13.22
8.4
7.94
9.09
10.30
11.65
13.20
14.98
16.96
19.46
8.6
12.03
13.68
15.40
17.28
19.42
21.83
24.45
27.68
8.8
17.82
20.08
22.38
24.88
27.64
30.68
33.90
37.76
9.0
25.57
28.47
31.37
34.42
37.71
41.23
44.84
49.02
9.2
35.25
38.69
42.01
45.41
48.96
52.65
56.30
60.38
9.4
46.32
50.00
53.45
56.86
60.33
63.69
67.12
70.72
9.6
57.77
61.31
64.54
67.63
70.67
73.63
76.63
79.29
9.8
68.43
71.53
74.25
75.81
79.25
81.57
83.68
85.85
10.0
77.46
79.92
82.05
84.00
85.82
87.52
89.05
90.58
10.2
84.48
86.32
87.87
89.27
90.56
91.75
92.80
93.84
Chart show %
Ammonia (NH3) at
different pH &
temperature
Ref : Boyd (1982)
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Pond Chain Reaction of Environment and Conditions
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Bad sludge management
Dispersed & Scattering
Good sludge management
Accumulated waste is to encourage it to collect
in the centre of the pond
At Central of Pond
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2.7 Cleaning & natural eliminating bacteria Vibrio spp. at pond bottom after
harvesting
- The most effective technique & solution is to partially-sun-dry the pond
bottom 4-7 days, enabling natural microbial action & oxidation to occur,
allowing oxygen to penetrate the pond bottom for digesting accumulated
waste.
- Ploughing for increasing the oxygenation & exposure of the pond
sediments, increases the porosity of the soil. Same time adjusting pond
ground bottom to be even.
- Dry method : after drying, removing all the waste & sludge. The removal
of dried waste also exposes underneath soil (especially, in potential acid
sulphate areas such as mangrove area with have pyrite and jarosite) that
can lead to low pH problem after pumping water in.
- Wet method : deploys water high pressure hose to flush waste or sludge
out. It is also quicker and more efficient than the dry method.
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Dry method
Wet method
Time taken
Slow or impossible in
wet season
Quick, possible in any
season
Cost
Depends on area usually higher
Depends on area
Solid waste removal
efficiency
Variable
Good
Removal of waste within
sandy soil
Variable
Good
Form of waste
Solid – easy to handle
Suspension – difficult
to handle
Acid sulphate soils
Needs careful
management
Less oxidation &
leaching
Sterilizing effects
Variable
Requires additional lime
Disposal of waste
Needs site for dumping Requires settling pond.
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Wet method
Using high pressure water
to flush the waste out
Dry method
The waste into the settling
pond trap
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Press soil with grader.
After grading
After grading
After grading
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2.8 Liming for eliminating bacteria
- Type of lime : Hydrated lime = Ca(OH)2 is used to increase the pH of water
or soil. It can have a substantial influence on pH but should not be used in
the afternoon when the pH would naturally be at the highest level. Its also
use for germicide.
: Quick lime = CaO/ Ca.MgO is highly reactive agent form of
lime, directly use to increase soils pH during pond preparation,
simultaneously killing all germ and bacteria in the soil, dramatically effect
on water pH. (Should not be directly used in ponds containing shrimp,
occasionally, used by dissolving in water and pouring such solution into
pond to increase low water pH)
Recommended lime application during pond preparation
Soil pH
Quantity of CaCO3 lime
(kg/hectare)
Quantity of Ca(OH)2 lime
(kg/hectare)
>6
< 1,000
< 500
5 to 6
< 2,000
< 1,000
<5
< 3,000
< 1,500
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3. Reservoir
A reservoir is always useful for controlling pond environment & also play an
essential role as buffer to prevent diseases by advancingly eliminate
CARRIER entering the farm. The reservoir acts as a large biological filter,
improving quality of water.
4. Inlet piping and pumping system
The inlet should be located & laid to avoid reversing recycling-water from the
drainage canal; the best position will depend on the local water flow
conditions and levels. between reservoir & ponds.
5. Infrastructure accessibility
- All roads and waterway infrastructure must be reachable to farm or ponds
within 3 to 6 hours traveling time of the hatchery in order to save surviving
rate of the post larvae (baby shrimp).
- It must also be possible to move the harvested shrimp to the processing
plant within a reasonable time. In order to save weight of shrimp
The post larvae transportation
The harvested transportation
Reverse to slide 2