Transcript Order From Chaos - Pleasantville Middle School

Why do we organize all of the
species into categories?
Section Outline
Taxonomy
1. Is the study of classifying organisms.
Two types of Taxonomy:
1. Evolutionary Taxonomy: showing accurate
relationships of organisms based on Niche
development and speciation
2. Cladistics: based on data; traits or characteristics
that show derived characteristics
Tree Of Life
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Section:
Who is Linnaeus?
He Developed a 2 word naming system.
– Why?
– Naming System:
• Panthera pardus common name for leopard
• _____________ ____________
– Classification System
•
•
•
•
King Philip Came Over For Green Spaghetti
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Who is Linnaeus?
He Developed a 2 word naming system.
– Why? To Avoid Ambiguity
– Naming System: Binomial Nomenclature
• Panthera pardus common name for leopard
• Genus specie
– Classification System
•
•
•
•
King Philip Came Over For Green Spaghetti
Kingdom is most general and specie is most specific
kingdom has many different types of organisms
Specie contains only one type of organism
Figure 18-5 Classification of Ursus arctos
Section 18-1
Grizzly bear Black bear
Giant
panda
Red fox
Coral Sea star
Abert
squirrel snake
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
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Section:
Flowchart
Section 18-1
Linnaeus’s System of Classification
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Section:
What is a dichotomous key?
What is a dichotomous key?
A dichotomous key is a sequence of steps
that allows the identification of a living
thing.
• The key consists of a series of choices
that lead the user to the correct name of a
given item.
• There will always be two choices in each
step of the key until you can identify the
organism.
The Three-Domain System
1. Domain Bacteria
- prokaryotic domain: cyanobacteria, spirochetes
1 Kingdom: Eubacteria
2. Domain Archaea
- prokaryotic domain
1 Kingdom: Archaeabacteria
3. Domain Eukarya
4 Kingdoms
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Section:
Protista: includes algae, protozoa and slime molds
Fungi: absorb nutrients from decomposing matter
Plantae: mutli- carry out photo
Animalia: multi- consume food for energy
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Monera (old kingdom)
Eubacteria Archaea Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
-bacteria
Domains
Kingdom
Decription of 5 Kingdoms
Monera
(eubacteria & archaebacteria): single celled, prokaryotes,
auto/heter
Protists:
single celled, eukaryotes, auto/heter
Plant:
multi-celled, eukaryotes, auto
Fungi:
multi-celled, eukaryotes, heter
Animal:
multi-celled, eukaryotes, heter
Answer the following . . . .
Video clip on Classification
1. What are the 5 Kingdoms?
2. Why are fungi not considered plants?
3. What 2 categories can the 5 Kingdoms be
placed?
25_08ClassSchemes_A.html
9 Animal Phylum
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Poriferans: sponges
Cnidaria: hydra, jellyfish
Flatworms: tapeworms
Nematode: roundworms,
hookworms
Mollusc: squid, cuttlefish, snails
Annelid: earthworm
Arthropod: insects, arachnids,
crustaceans
Echinoderm: sea stars, sand dollars
Chordates: Tunicate, hagfish, lamprey,
Figure 18-13 Cladogram of Six
Kingdoms and Three Domains
Section 18-3
DOMAIN
ARCHAEA
DOMAIN
EUKARYA
Kingdoms
DOMAIN
BACTERIA
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Section:
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Concept Map
Section 18-3
Living
Things
are characterized by
Eukaryotic
cells
and differing
Important
characteristics
which place them in
Cell wall
structures
such as
Domain
Eukarya
Prokaryotic cells
which is subdivided into
which place them in
Domain
Bacteria
Domain
Archaea
which coincides with
which coincides with
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Kingdom
Archaebacteria
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Section:
Kingdom
Plantae
Kingdom
Fungi
Kingdom
Protista
Kingdom
Animalia
New Vocabulary Words:
• Define the following:
1. Niche: the role an organisms plays in an
ecosystem
2. Speciation: The evolutionary formation of new
biological species, usually by the division of a
single species into two or more genetically distinct
ones
3. Derived characteristics: having a unique trait that
is not found in other organisms
4. Cladogram: diagram showing evolutionary
relationships based on DNA and RNA analysis
and derived characteristics
5. Radioactive dating: A technique for measuring
the age of an object or sample of material
• What evidence does this cladogram provide?
Evidence for developing a Cladogram
A. DNA
A. DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts
B. Similarities and differences in DNA
gelelectrophoresis.exe
B. Observing Fossil record
C. Radioactive dating
D. Observing Derived characteristics
How does each form of evidence help
scientists create a cladogram?
Evidence
Molecular analysis
Fossils
Radioactive dating
Derived characteristics
How does it help in
creating a cladogram
Traditional Classification Versus Cladogram
W
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Appendages
t
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Crab
Conical Shells
Barnacle
Limpet
d
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Section:
t
Crustaceans
Crab
Gastropod
Barnacle
Limpet
Molted
exoskeleton
Segmentation
Tiny free-swimming larva
TRADITIONAL
CLASSIFICATION
CLADOGRAM