Transcript B1.1 L8 Spread of Pathogens – TBU edit

The Spread of Pathogens
 Starter
1. Why are most antibiotics no longer effective against
MRSA?
2. Describe the pattern in Graph 1 and 2
3. Explain why deaths from MRSA kept increasing until
2005.
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Spread of MRSA
1. Why are most antibiotics no longer effective against
MRSA?
MRSA has resistance to most antibiotics, so it will
not kill the MRSA.
Death Rates from MRSA
of death is MRSA
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MRSA in death certificate
Incidences of MRSA by age and gender
2005
(Source: National Office of Statistics)
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3. Explain why deaths from MRSA kept increasing until
2005
MRSA is not easily treated because it has resistance
to many antibiotics, therefore it can spread quickly
through the population. After 2005 measures to
stop the spread of MRSA start to have an effect.
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Learning outcomes
By the end of the lesson, students will be able to:
 Analyse MRSA data and state the patterns found in the UK
population
 State why antibiotics may no longer be effective against a new
resistant strain of the pathogen
 Explain why new strains of pathogen can spread rapidly through
populations
 State methods to prevent further resistance arising in pathogens
 Explain the difference between MRSA and the Flu pandemic
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MRSA
Read ‘why is MRSA so dangerous’ to answer the following
question
1. Who is most at risk from superbugs?
2. Why are ‘superbugs’ known as healthcare-
acquired infections (or hospital acquired
infections)?
3. How can MRSA be treated?
4. How can we combat the Superbugs?
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MRSA
 Why are ‘superbugs’ known as healthcare-acquired
infections (or hospital acquired infections)?
 Hospitals and care homes are locations where there will be a
high use of antibiotic. Therefore there will be a higher
proportion of antibiotic resistant bacteria present (superbugs).
 How can MRSA be treated?
 Antibiotics can work but the person may require a much
higher dose, over a much longer period. Some alternative
antibiotics are kept especially for superbugs, these are not
used in general healthcare to ensure that the bacteria cannot
be come resistant
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MRSA
 How can we combat the Superbugs?
 Doctors have now been told to cut antibiotic
prescribing and take more time advising patients
about the nature of infections i.e. Antibiotics do not
work for viral infections
 If bacteria are not exposed to an antibiotics they
cannot become resistant to them.
 The development of new antibiotics that can be used
to treat infections. New antibiotics mean that the
bacteria cannot be resistant to them
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MRSA
 About one in three of us carries the S.aureus. This is
known as being colonised by the bacteria. People can
carry MRSA for a few hours or days or sometimes for
weeks or months. To combat this:
 Hygiene - hand-washing by staff between examining
patients, and all staff and visitors entering wards
should wash their hands. Cleaning hospital wards to
ensure MRSA is not on surfaces
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Flu Pandemic of 2009
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8083179.stm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3F9W551mZy0
 View the spread of swine flu pandemic of 2009
 View NHS cold and flu ad
 Read the New Scientist ‘Swine flu pandemic’
Make a table to compare and contrast MRSA and the Flu
pandemic. Make sure you include
 Causes of the disease
 Spread of the disease (how it is transmitted)
 Treatment
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Comparison of MRSA and Flu
MRSA
Swine Flu
Caused by bacteria that has mutated
from S. Aureus into an antibiotic
resistant MRSA
Caused by virus that has mutated. It is
actually a hybrid of human, bird and
swine flu
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Comparison of MRSA and Flu
MRSA
Swine Flu
Caused by bacteria that has mutated
from S. Aureus into an antibiotic
resistant MRSA
Caused by virus that has mutated. It is
actually a hybrid of human, bird and
swine flu
Through contact either person to
Most viruses are thought to be
person or through contaminated
passed from person to person by
surfaces. It must enter the body to be contact with respiratory droplets
an infection
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Comparison of MRSA and Flu
MRSA
Swine Flu
Caused by bacteria that has mutated
from S. Aureus into an antibiotic
resistant MRSA
Caused by virus that has mutated. It is
actually a hybrid of human, bird and
swine flu
Through contact either person to
Most viruses are thought to be
person or through contaminated
passed from person to person by
surfaces. It must enter the body to be contact with respiratory droplets
an infection
High dose of an antibiotic over a
longer than normal period
Or use of an alternative antibiotic
that MRSA is not resistant to
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Development of a vaccine to prevent
the flu developing
There is no cure for a virus, you have
to wait for your immune system to kill
the virus
Plenary
 State three things that you could do to prevent the
spread of MRSA
 Always wash your hands
 Don’t go to the doctor for a sore throat, it’s a virus!
 Always finish your course of antibiotics, even if you feel
better!
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