Transcript gram-staining.

KINGDOM MONERA
Chpt. 18
“Bacteria”
Kingdom Monera
 Commonly called bacteria
 All monerans are unicellular
 All monerans are prokaryotes
Prokaryotes: Single-celled organisms
surrounded by a membrane and cell wall
that LACK membrane bound organelles
Prokaryote Cell
Characteristics of Monera
 Monera can be divided into two main
groups:
1) Archaebacteria
- “ancient” bacteria
- live in extremely harsh conditions
2) Eubacteria
- “true” bacteria
Archaebacteria (ancient)

Can be divided into 4 groups:
1. Methanogens “methane producers”
2. Thermoacidophiles “heat and acid lovers”
3. Chemosynthesizers “make own chemicals”
4. Extreme Halophiles “salt lovers”
Methanogens
 Produce methane
 Live where there is
no oxygen
 Found in intestines
of many mammals
 Found in swamps –
causes the “rotten
egg” smell
Thermoacidophiles
 Live in extremely
hot and acidic
waters
 Often found in hot
springs
 Ex. Yellowstone
National Park
Chemosynthesizers
 Use inorganic compounds as
source of energy (instead of
sun)
 Inorganic = compounds
containing sulfur, iron,
nitrogen (not carbon!)
 Process called oxidation
 Use energy to change carbon
dioxide into organic food
molecules
 Live in harsh environments
(e.g. hot sulfur vents on ocean
floor)
Extreme Halophiles
 “salt loving”
 Live in water up
to ten times saltier than
sea water
 Found in places like
the Dead Sea
ARCHAEBACTERIA
Methanogens
Live in oxygen free environments,
produce methane (CH4).
Thermoacidophiles
Live in water than is very hot and acidic
(pH 2 to 4), line the edges of hot springs
Chemosynthesizers
Make carbohydrates using inorganic
compounds as energy source, live in hot
sulfur vents on ocean floor
Extreme Halophiles
Live in extremely salty places, grow in
water up to ten times saltier than the
ocean
Eubacteria
 Divided into three groups:
1. Gram-positive Bacteria
2. Gram-negative Bacteria
3. Cyanobacteria
Gram-positive
 Have thick cells walls.
 Turn purple when put
through a special series
of stains called “gramstaining.”
 Includes a wide variety
of bacteria such as those
causing strep throat and
tetanus (lockjaw).
Gram-negative
 Have an extra layer
of fat outside cell
wall.
 Appear pink after
gram-staining.
 Includes bacteria
such as E.coli and
the bacteria that
causes whooping
cough.
Gram-positive vs. negative
Cyanobacteria
 Perform plant-like
photosynthesis.
 Release oxygen.
 Used to be called
“blue-green” algae
(still commonly
called that!).
 Toxic to animals.
EUBACTERIA
Gram-positive Bacteria Have thick walls made of protein-sugar
complex, turn purple when stained
Gram-negative
Bacteria
Have extra layer of lipid outside cell
wall and turn pink after staining
Cyanobacteria
Gram-negative monerans that perform
photosynthesis (like plants) and release
oxygen
Classifying Bacteria
 3 main shapes:
1. Bacilli
(rod-shaped)
2. Cocci
(sphere-shaped)
3. Spirilla
(corkscrew-shaped)
Why learn about Bacteria?
 Some cause serious diseases:
 Pneumonia, tuberculosis, lyme disease,
bubonic plague, food-borne illnesses
 Most are beneficial
 Intestinal bacteria (digest food and make
vitamins)
 Break down dead organisms (decomposers)
 Industry: make cheese, yogurt, antibiotics
KINGDOM MONERA
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EUBACTERIA
ARCHAEBACTERIA
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Methanogens:
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Thermoacidophiles:
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Chemosynthesizers:
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Extreme Halophiles:
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Gram-positive:
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Gram-negative:
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Cyanobacteria:
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