Transcript Nucleoid region Prokaryotic cell Nucleus

[What is the cell theory?]
A. [ Living organisms are composed of cells.]
B. [ Cells come from pre-existing cells.]
C. [Cells are the smallest unit of life]
D. [all of the above]
E. [none of the above]
[How did the cell theory get
accepted as a theory?]
A. [all scientific theories come from an
accumulation of evidence that is testable
and repeatable with predictable results.]
B. [all scientific theories are hypotheses.]
C. [all scientific theories are beliefs or
assumptions.]
D. [all scientific theories are general ideals
that do not have real practical use]
[Unicellular organisms carry out all the
functions of life. Which of the following is
NOT a function of life?:]
A. [reproduction]
B. [growth]
C. [tissue formation]
D. [metabolism]
E. [response]
F. [homeostasis]
[Compare the relative sizes of molecules, cell
membrane thickness, viruses, bacteria,
organelles and cells, using the appropriate SI
unit. Which pairing is NOT matched
accurately?]
A. [molecules (1 nm) = (10-9m)]
B. [thickness of membranes (10 nm)]
C. [viruses (100 nm)]
D. [bacteria (1 μm) = (10-6m)]
E. [organelles (up to 100 μm)]
F. [most cells (up to 100 μm)]
[what is this?]
A. [chloroplast]
B. [endoplasmic reticulum]
C. [mitochondria]
D. [nucleus]
[How big is this mitochondria?]
A. [50 nm]
B. [450 μm]
C. [0.450 μm]
D. [0.050nm]
[What is this? How long is it?]
A. [plant vacuole, 1 μm]
B. [chromoplast, 7nm]
C. [chloroplast, 7 μm]
D. [mitochondria, 1 μm]
[what is this and how wide is it?]
A. [nucleus, 1 μm]
B. [E.R., 1 μm]
C. [chloroplast, 5 μm]
D. [mitochondria, 5 μm]
[What does the endoplasmic reticulum do?]
A. [rough, makes proteins then puts membrane
around the made protein.]
B. [smooth, makes lipids like steroids and other
fats.]
C. [provide membrane for cell processes that need
it.]
D. [all of the above]
E. [none of the above]
[Enter question here]
A. [golgi apparatus]
B. [endoplasmic reticulum]
C. [cytoskeleton]
D. [flagella]
[]
A. [chloroplast]
B. [mitochondria]
C. [vacuole]
D. [lysosome]
[]
A. [nucleolus]
B. [nucleus]
C. [chloroplast]
D. [Endoplasmic reticulum]
Prokaryotes
•
•
•
•
‘Pro’ means ‘before’
‘Kary’ means kernal
Prokaryotes are cells without a nucleus!
They have NO MEMBRANE-BOUND
ORGANELLES (no chloroplasts, vessicles,
mitochondria, etc…)
• They are SMALL
• Divide by binary fission.
You can fit 100 prokaryotes into one eukaryote!
Prokaryotes have a cell wall, DNA, membrane, and ribosomes…
and some have a capsule
LE 4-3a
Prokaryotic cell
Nucleoid
region
Nucleus
Organelles
Eukaryotic cell
[]
A. [1 is nucleus, 2 is cell membrane, 3 is cytoplasm]
B. [1 is nucleoid region, 2 is cell wall, 3 is chloroplasts]
C. [1 is nucleoid region, 2 is cellwall/capsule, 3 is
ribosomes.]
D. [1 is nucleolus, 2 is cell membrane, 3 is ribosomes]
[what organelles can be found in both
a prokaryote and a plant cell?]
A. [ribosome, membrane, wall]
B. [nucleoid region, central vacuole, wall]
C. [wall only]
D. [there are no organelles that can be found
in both prokaryotes and plants.]
[NOT in a prokaryote, why?]
A. [It is a golgi apparatus, and prokaryotes don’t
have organelles with membranes around them.]
B. [It is a nucleus, prokaryotes do not have nuclei.]
C. [It is a prokaryote]
D. [It is a mitochondria, and prokaryotes do not
have mitochondria]
[This is a monkey cell infected with about 20
Coxiella burnetii. Why is Coxiella burnetii
NOT prokaryotic?]
A. [prokaryotic cells
don’t infect other
cells.]
B. [each has a
nucleus]
C. [prokaryotic cells
are bigger]
D. [none of the above]
Where is the nucleoid region?
All bacteria are prokaryotes, and
there are plenty of bacterial
diseases.
Famous prokaryotic diseases:
•Gonorrhea
•Acne
•Syphilis
•Typhoid fever
•Staph infection
•Gangrene
Anthrax! Bacterial disease.
Impetigo, common
bacterial disease
Leprosy, bacterial
disease
Tetanus, bacterial disease
Necrotizing fasciitis also
known as ‘flesh eating
bacteria’
…Maggot Debridement Continued…
The Story of Vitus Smieja
• Bacteria or single cell organisms invade cells or tissues. Some
produce a toxin. This post is probably full of bacteria!
• This may cause a staph infection – caused by the bacteria
staphylococcus aureus which invades cuts and breaks in the skin
staphylococcus aureus
• About 20% of the population are always colonized with S.
aureus, 60% are intermittent carriers, and 20% never carry
the organism.
• ‘Superbug’ is called MRSA
• Staph infections, including MRSA, generally start as small
red bumps that resemble pimples, boils or spider bites.
These can quickly turn into deep, painful abscesses that
require surgical draining. Sometimes the bacteria remain
confined to the skin. But they can also burrow deep into
the body, causing potentially life-threatening infections in
bones, joints, surgical wounds, the bloodstream, heart
valves and lungs.
[what is the process called when a vessicle
filled with material fuses with the
membrane and exports the load?]
A. [exocytosis]
B. [endocytosis]
C. [pinocytosis]
D. [phagocytosis]
Surface to Volume ratio: When you look at the
following, notice that as volume increases,
surface area doesn’t increase as much…
[why don’t cells get HUGE? Like as
big as a potato?]
A. [As cells grow, the surface area expands larger
than the volume does. ]
B. [As cells grow the volume expands larger than
the surface area does.]
C. [As cells grow, it becomes more difficult for
diffusion to take place because the surface area
does not grow proportionately]
D. [A and C are true]
E. [B and C are true]
Viruses are not cells! But they invade cells!
•This is a virus. It injects
its DNA or RNA into a
healthy cell.
•The virus’ DNA then takes
over the cell, and makes
many more Virus.
•The cell eventually dies.
AIDS virus on a cell
Herpes simplex 1 (viral disease)
Herpes Gladiatorum –shut wrestling
down for 8 days last year
H1N1
Virus if it were big…
Eukaryotes
Cells of plants and animals
These cells have a nucleus
[What is A? What is B? (Yellow arrows point to
the areas)]
A. [SER, RER]
B. [RER, SER]
C. [golgi
apparatus,
vessicles]
D. [none of the
above]
A
B
[function of ribosomes?]
A. [make proteins]
B. [assemble amino acids into a polypeptide
by reading the mRNA]
C. [in prokaryotes, they make proteins]
D. [in eukaryotes, the assemble amino acids
into a polypeptide.]
E. [all of the above]
F. [none of the above]
[function of lysosomes?]
A. [holds digestive enzymes]
B. [breaks down and recycles old organelles]
C. [sometimes called ‘suicide bags’ because
they can destroy a cell]
D. [all of the above]
[what is happening here?]
A. [lysosome digesting a mitochondria]
B. [nothing]
C. [a cell with just a lysosome and
mitochondria, just hanging out.]
[what does the mitochondria do?]
A. [makes ATP]
B. [main organelle of aerobic respiration]
C. [takes electrons from food sources, adds
them to oxygen and makes water/ATP in
the process.]
D. [All of the above]
Microscope facts
– Magnification is the increase in the apparent size of
an object; for example, 1,000X
– Resolution is a measure of the clarity of an image
• A light microscope can resolve objects as small as 2 m
– The electron microscope (EM) allows greater
magnification than Light microscope (LM) and
reveals cellular details
•
•
•
•
Uses a beam of electrons rather than light
Has much greater resolution than LM (2 nm)
Can magnify up to 100,000 times
Cannot be used with living specimens
[what does the golgi apparatus do?]
A. [adds carbohydrates to proteins]
B. [adds phosphates to proteins]
C. [adds carbohydrates and phosphates to
membranes of vessicles that are leaving the
cell (for cell recognition)]
D. [all of the above]
E. [none of the above]
[What does the nucleus do?]
A. [protects the DNA]
B. [contains chromosomes which are chromatin
wrapped around histone protein.]
C. [controls the workings of the cell]
D. [all of the above]
Electron Microscope
– Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies
detailed architecture of cell surfaces
– Transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies the
details of internal cell structure