Transcript Unit 9 Living Things

In this unit, we will learn:
• How living things are
classified
• How different species are
named
• What bacteria look like
• What microorganisms
are
• If microorganisms are
dangerous
1. Classification of living things
• Classification systems are used to
organize all the living things on Earth.
• We used to use artificial systems
– Based on visible characteristics
• Now we use a natural system
– Based on evolution
1.1 Classification categories
Least specific
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Most specific
Species
- Naming the species
• Two individuals belong to the same
species if they can reproduce together
and have fertile descendants.
Labrador retriever
Poodle
Labradoodle
- Naming the species
• Binomial Nomenclature
– A two word naming system
• (1st name: Genus, 2nd name: species).
• Common Name: The everyday name given to an
organism
• Scientific Name: The two-word Latin name of a
species
– Homo sapiens
– Canis familiaris
Why do we need scientific
names?
• In the U.S and England this bird is called the
house sparrow, in Spain the gorrion, in
Holland the musch, and in Sweden the
hussparf
• However, this bird has only
ONE scientific name:
Passer domesticus
Homework
• Page 125
• #7, 8, 10, 16
2. The five kingdoms
KINGDOM
TYPE OF
NUTRITION
CELLULAR
ORGANISM
TYPE OF
CELL
HAS TISSUES?
Moneran
Autotrophic
or
Heterotrophic
Single cell
Prokaryotic No
Protist
Autotrophic
or
Heterotrophic
Single cell
or
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
No
Fungus
Heterotrophic
Single cell or
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
No
Plant
Autotrophic
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Yes
Animal
Heterotrophic
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Yes
SPECIAL NOTE: VIRUSES
Because viruses cannot survive outside the cells of another animal, and
they only perform one of the three vital functions, they are not included in
any Kingdom.
The Family
Tree of Living
Things
3. The Moneran Kingdom
• This Kingdom includes unicellular
organisms without a nucleus
– PROKARYTIC cells
• Bacteria
– Can be pathogens
• Treated with Antibiotics
– Most bacteria are beneficial
What do bacteria look like?
What do bacteria look like?
• Prokaryotic
• Single-cell
• Very simple
structure
• Size: 1-10
microns
– one-millionth of
a meter
– μm
Types of Bacteria
What type of bacteria?
A
B
D
E
C
F
Homework
• Page 125 #8e, 15
• Page 129 #22
4. The Protist Kingdom
• The “random kingdom”
KINGDOM
TYPE OF
NUTRITION
CELLULAR
ORGANISM
TYPE OF
CELL
HAS TISSUES?
Moneran
Autotrophic or
Heterotrophic
Single cell
Prokaryotic
No
Protist
Autotrophic
or
Heterotrophic
Single cell
or
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
No
Fungus
Heterotrophic
Single cell or
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
No
Plant
Autotrophic
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Yes
Animal
Heterotrophic
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Yes
4.1 Protozoa
• Single-cell heterotrophs
• Live
– In water
– Parasites
• Divided into four groups
Ciliates
•
•
•
•
Have cilia to move
Have two nuclei
Can be parasites or live freely in water
Example: Paramecium
Flagellates
• Most types are parasites
• Use one or two flagella to
move
• Example: Trypanosoma
brucei
– Causes sleeping sickness
Rhizopoda
• Have pseudopods to move and eat with
• Some are parasites
– Entamoeba histolytica
• Others live freely
– amoeba
Sporozoa
•
•
•
•
Non-motile
All parasites
Reproduce asexually through spores
Example: Plasmodium malariae
Homework
• Page 129
• # 20, 23
4.2 Algae
• Aquatic
• Single-celled
– BUT can group together with other algae to
form a mass of algae
4.2 Algae
• Have chlorophyll
– or other photosynthetic elements
– NOT plants!
– Autotrophic
4.2 Algae
• Many types –
classified by their
main pigment color
1.Brown Algae
– Marine
– Multicellular
– Biggest ones are ~50
meters long
4.2 Algae
2. Red Algae
– Single-celled or multicellular
– Attach to sea floor or shells
– Have red pigment
4.2 Algae
3. Green Algae
– Cells have a lot of chlorophyll
– Live in all aquatic environments
– There is a lot of diversity in this type of algae
-The importance of algae
• Produce marine organic matter
• Used in food and fertilizers
• Used in the food and pharmaceutical
industries
Homework
• Page 129
• #26 and 29
5. The Fungus Kingdom
KINGDOM
TYPE OF
NUTRITION
CELLULAR
ORGANISM
TYPE OF
CELL
HAS TISSUES?
Moneran
Autotrophic or
Heterotrophic
Single cell
Prokaryotic
No
Protist
Autotrophic or
Heterotrophic
Single cell or
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
No
Fungus
Heterotrophic
Single cell
or
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
No
Plant
Autotrophic
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Yes
Animal
Heterotrophic
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Yes
• Mushrooms, yeasts, and moulds
- Characteristics of fungi
•
•
•
•
Eukaryotic
Single-celled or multicellular
Reproduce sexually and asexually
Need a humid atmosphere
- Types of fungi
• Single cell fungi
– Yeasts
• Cause fermentation
(to make alcohol,
yogurt, bread, etc.)
- Types of fungi
• Multicellular fungi
– Mushrooms
• Caps are the
reproductive
apparatus
• Use spores to
reproduce
- Types of fungi
• Multicellular fungi
– Moulds
• Don’t have real tissue
• Cells are grouped into
hyphae
Homework
• Page 131
• #30, 33, 35, 38