Transcript Classification Chapter 18

Week Of 4/1/134/12/13
Mrs. Tate
D110 biology
4-1-13 Monday
( 5th and 6th only)
Start working on the evolution web-quest.
4-2-13 Tuesday
( 5th and 6th only)
Start working on the evolution web-quest ( DUE TOMORROW IF
YOU DID NOT FINISH AT THE START !)
4-3-13 Wednesday
Demonstrate an understanding
of the structure and function of
DNA/RNA; understand that there
is evidence that supports
evolution.
5TH/6TH PERIOD TURN IN YOUR
WEBQUESTS!
1. Bell Ringer 47: EOC SE 6A
practice questions ( 8 min)
2. Complete Stations 1-7 ( and
turn work into the tray).
3. Closure: Reminder List
Reminders:
Extra Credit #3 posted on website
( due 4/9/13)
You control the outcome of your
grade….you determine if a zero
remains a zero ( take care of
them or keep that failing grade of
a zero)
Check the daily calendar board. (
know the due dates for
homework/daily work and when
you will have a quiz or a test)
evolution test next Tuesday.
4-4-13 Thursday
Students should be able to
demonstrate an understanding of
how changes in DNA results in
mutations and explain and illustrate
the processes of replication,
translation, and transcription. (
review old SE’s)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Turn in Station Rotation ( 1-7)
Bell Ringer 48 ( EOC 6B and 6C
)
Copy down vocab ( its due for
grading 4-8-13)
Relating science to life – DID
YOUR CLASS EARN A
FREEBIE????- IF NOT EOC
BOOK CHAPTER: EVOLUTION
Reminders:
Extra Credit #3 posted on website (
due 4/9/13)
Vocabulary Homework due 4-8-13
You control the outcome of your
grade….you determine if a zero
remains a zero ( take care of them or
keep that failing grade of a zero)
Check the daily calendar board. (
know the due dates for
homework/daily work and when you
will have a quiz or a test) Evolution
Test Next Tuesday!
Chapter 18- Classification (
homework due date 4-8-13
Taxonomy
Binomial Nomenclature
Kingdom
Phyla ( phylum)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Taxon
Derived ancestors
Cladogram
Phylogeny
Domain
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
Eubacteria
Archeabacteria
Protista
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae
4-5-13 T. G .I. Friday
Students should be able to
demonstrate an understanding of
how organisms are classified.
1. Bell Ringer 49 ( while you are
working on this, I will walk
around and check your
evolution place mats/notes)
2. Classification Engage/Explain
3. Kingdom Matrix Worksheet
4. Closure: reminders
Reminders:
Extra Credit #3 posted on website (
due 4/9/13)
Vocab Homework due 4-8-13 (
chapter 18 terms)
You control the outcome of your
grade….you determine if a zero
remains a zero ( take care of them or
keep that failing grade of a zero)
Check the daily calendar board. (
know the due dates for
homework/daily work and when you
will have a quiz or a test) Evolution
Test Next Tuesday!
the similarities and
differences.
Bacteria Cell
(Prokaryotic)
Plant Cell (Eukaryotic)
Review Cell Theory
• All living things are composed of cells
• Cell are the basic unit of structure and
function in living things.
• New cells are produced from existing
cells
What are
some
differences
between
plant and
animal cells?
Classification of Living
Things
Chapter 18
http://analyzer.depaul.edu/astrobiology/kingdoms.jpg
Engage : Classification
REMEMBER
BIODIVERSITY
______________
total of all the living things in an ecosystem
SPECIES
___________
population of organisms that share similar
characteristics and can breed with each other
Biologists have identified and named
1.5 million
over______________
species so far.
Estimates = between 2-100 million
species yet be discovered
http://www.millan.net
WHY CLASSIFY?
Identifies and names organisms
Groups organisms in a logical manner
TAXONOMY
_______________ =
branch of biology that
names and groups organisms
Naming and organizing animals
into groups with biological
significance helps make sense
of relationships.
BIRD . . . ?
An animal with feathers
Image from:
http://www.flagsplus.com/flags/21778_bird_collage.jpg
A good classification system:
places organisms in a group with
other organisms that are
similar
A good classification system:
UNIQUE
Uses names that are _________
Can CHANGE
_____ as new data is
discovered
RELATIONSHIPS
Shows _____________ of organisms
Image from: http://www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images/Cougar.jpg
Common names can vary
Example:
puma,
catamount,
mountain lion,
cougar
. . . are all names
for same animal
By using a universally accepted scientific name,
scientists can be sure they are discussing
the same organism
Common names vary
Chipmunk
Streifenhornchen (German)
Tamia (Italian)
Ardilla listada (Spanish)
Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm
Common names can be misleading
Ex:
A jellyFISH isn’t a fish,
but a seaHORSE is!
Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish
Sea cucumber
sounds like a plant
but… it’s an animal!
Image from:
http://www.alaska.net/~scubaguy/images/seacucumber.jpg
Common names can be misleading
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Buteo_buteo_5_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg
In the United Kingdom,
BUZZARD refers to a hawk
In the United States,
BUZZARD refers to a
vulture.
http://www.camacdonald.com/birding/HoodedVulture(HM).jpg
By mid 19th century,
scientists recognized that
using common names was
confusing.
Scientists agreed to use
____________
Latin and Greek to give a
single name to each
species.
EXAMPLE: RED OAK
Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis
setaceo-mucronatis
“oak with deeply divided leaves with
deep blunt lobes bearing hair-like
bristles”
PROBLEMS:
Names too hard and long to remember!
Different scientists described different
characteristics.
Carolus Linnaeus comes to the
rescue!
Swedish botanist who
devised a new
classification system
This system is still used
today!
(1707-1778)
Image from: http://www.medusozoa.com/images/linnaeus.jpg
Linnaeus’s System
Organisms are grouped in a
hierarchy of 7 different
taxonomic levels
TAXONS
OR ____________
Each organism has a two part
scientific name
= BINOMIAL
_________________________
NOMENCLATURE
Linneaus System of
Classification
Kids
Prefer
Cheese
Over
Fried
Green
Spinach
Kingdom (broad)
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (specfic)
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Carnivora
Family Felidae
Genus Panthera
Species leo
http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004-lion.jpg
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
(2-name naming system)
1st name = _______________
GENUS NAME
• Always capitalized
2nd name = _________________
SPECIES NAME
–Always lower case
UNDERLINED or
Both names are ______________
ITALICS
written in ____________.
GENUS = group of closely related species
GENUS = Ursus(Includes many kinds of bears)
Ursus
arctos
Ursus
maritimus
Ursus
americanis
SPECIES = unique to each kind of bear
http://www.macecanada.com/images/bears/kodiak_bear.gif
http://students.cs.byu.edu/~tole/Virtual%20Zoo/polar-bear.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Black_bear_large.jpg
Binomial nomenclature
Humans
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/photo_baby.jpg
MODERN EVOLUTIONARY
CLASSIFICATION
18-2
In a way, organisms determine who belongs
to their species by choosing with whom
they will __________!
Taxonomic groups are “invented” by
scientists
to group organisms with similar
MATE
_______________.
characteristics
BUT. . .
which characteristics
are MOST IMPORTANT?
Should a dolphin be grouped with
fish because it has fins and
lives in water?
OR with mammals because it
breathes air and makes milk for
its young?
Look at these 3 organisms:
BARNACLE
CRAB
http://greatescapetravel.com/album/MAUI2001/pages/molokini_kona_crab.html
http://nearctica.com/ecology/habitats/barnacle.jpg
http://siena.earth.rochester.edu/ees207/Gastropoda/
LIMPET
BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishers© 2006
Judging by
appearances you
would probably put
limpets and barnacles
together in a group
and crabs in a different group.
BUT LOOKS can be deceiving!
Look more closely!
LIMPET
BARNACLE
Limpet and barnacle larvae are very different.
Barnacles have jointed limbs.
Limpets DON’T !
Barnacles have a segmented body
Limpets DON’T !
Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.
Limpets DON’T !
CRAB
Look more closely!
LIMPET
CRAB
BARNACLE
Crab and barnacle larvae are very similar
Barnacles have jointed limbs.
So do CRABS !
Barnacles have a segmented body
So do CRABS !
Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.
So do CRABS !
LIMPET
SNAIL
Limpets have an internal anatomy more like
snails, which are MOLLUSKS.
Because of these characteristics, scientists
have concluded that barnacles are more closely
related to crabs than to MOLLUSKS
http://siena.earth.rochester.edu/ees207/Gastropoda/
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006
BOTH crabs and barnacles have been classified as
CRUSTACEANS
MODERN TAXONOMY
Grouping organisms based on
their evolutionary history =
Evolutionary classification
_____________________
MODERN TAXONOMY
The study of an organism’s
evolutionary history
= phylogeny
____________is a system of classifying
CLADISTICS
organisms that considers only characteristics
that are “new evolutionary innovations”.
Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a
lineage but not in its older members
= __________________
Derived characters
Derived characters can be used
to construct a diagram that
shows evolutionary relationships
among groups of organisms
= ________
Image from:http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg
cladogram
Derived characters
appear at branches
of the cladogram
showing where they
first arose.
Cladograms help
scientists understand
how one lineage
branched from
another
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006
All of the classification methods
discussed so far are based on
physical similarities and differences.
Even organisms with very different
anatomies can share common traits.
EX: All living things use
______________to
pass on
DNA and RNA
information and control growth.
http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif
GENES of many organisms show
remarkable similarity at the molecular
level.
Similarities in DNA can be used to
help determine classification and
evolutionary relationships between
organisms.
http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif
Humans have a gene that codes for a
protein that helps our muscles move
MYOSIN
called __________
Researchers have found a gene in
yeast that codes for a myosin
protein, that enables internal cell
parts to move.
http://universe-review.ca/I11-32-yeast.jpg
Similarities in DNA can be used to
help show evolutionary relationships
and how species have changed.
African vulture
American vulture
Stork
Traditionally these first two were
classified together in falcon family.
Storks were put in a separate family.
Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
American vultures have a peculiar
behavior. When they get overheated,
they urinate on their legs to cool off
African vulture
American vulture
Stork
The only other bird that does this is the
STORK.
Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
DNA comparisons showed more
similarities between American vulture
and stork DNA than DNA from the
two kinds of vultures suggesting a
recent common ancestor
more ______________________
between storks and American vultures
African vulture
American vulture
Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
Stork
Comparisons of DNA can also be used
to mark the passage of evolutionary
time
A model that uses DNA comparisons to
estimate the length of time that two
species have been evolving
independently
MOLECULAR
CLOCK
= ________________
Mutations
____________
occur
all the time and
cause slight changes
to the DNA code.
Degree of
dissimilarity
_________
is an indication of how
long ago two species
shared a common
ancestor
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
Different genes
accumulate
mutations at
different rates so
there are many
molecular clocks
“ticking”.
http://www.kahlert.com/web/images/tech_clock.gif
Allows scientists to time different
kinds of evolutionary events, like
using different hands on a clock.
Kidspiration by Riedell
Source: see end of show
4-8-13 Monday
Biology – students should
understand the different
characteristics of kingdoms.
1.
Bell Ringer # 50 ( I will check
vocabulary homework as you
work on your bell work) –
EOC 8A practice questions (1-3)
2. Matrix Review/Clean-up/ 18-3
Notes
4. 18 1-3 worksheets ( work with
your desk-mate ONLY
Closure ( reminders)
Reminders:
Evolution Test tomorrow.
Extra credit assignment #3 due
tomorrow
Vocabulary test this week over
chapter 18 terms
Classification test this Friday
18-3 Ref. Fig. 18-12
Domains are more inclusive and larger than kingdoms. The three
domains are: Eukarya ( protists, fungi, plants, and animals),
Bacteria ( organisms from kingdom Eubacteria), and Archaea (
organisms from kingdom Archaeabacteria)
Characteristics of each kingdom pages 458-461
Archaea and Bacteria Domains
Archaea Domain: Archaea are prokaryotic cells which are typically
characterized by membranes that are branched hydrocarbon chains attached
to glycerol by ether linkages. The presence of this ether containing linkages in
Archaea adds to their ability of withstanding extreme temperature and highly
acidic conditions. Extreme halophiles - i.e. organisms which thrive in highly
salty environment, and hyperthermophiles - i.e. the organisms which thrive in
extremely hot environment, are best examples of Archaea.
Bacteria Domain: Even though bacteria are prokaryotic cells just like Archaea,
their membranes are made of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol
by ester linkages. Cyanobacteria and mycoplasmas are the best examples of
bacteria. As they don't have ether containing linkages like Archaea, they are
grouped into a different category - and hence a different domain. There is a
great deal of diversity in this domain, such that it is next to impossible to
determine how many species of bacteria exist on the planet.
Eukarya Domain
Eukarya Domain: As the name suggests, the Eukaryote are eukaryotic cells
which have membranes that are pretty similar to that of bacteria. Eukaryote
are further grouped into Kingdom Protista (algae, protozoans, etc.), Kingdom
Fungi (yeast, mold, etc.), Kingdom Plantae (flowering plants, ferns, etc.) and
Kingdom Animalia (insects, vertebrates, etc.). Not all Eukaryotes have a cell
wall, and even if they do they don't contain peptidoglycan as bacteria do.
While cells are organized into tissues in case of kingdom Plantae as well as
kingdom Animalia, the presence of cell walls is only restricted to the members
of kingdom Plantae.
Domains continued….
Each of these three domains of life recognized by
biologists today contain rRNA which is unique to them,
and this fact in itself forms the basis of three-domain
system.
While the presence of nuclear membrane differentiates
the Eukarya domain from Archaea domain and Bacteria
domain - both of which lack nuclear membrane, the
distinct biochemistry and RNA markers differentiate
Archaea a nd Bacteria domains from each other
Reading for knowledge….
Characteristics of each kingdom pages 458-461 of Chapter 18 in
your biology book.
4-9-13 Biology Agenda - Place your belongings (
except for a writing utensil ) on the lab tables and
grab your journals!
Biology: demonstrate an
understanding of the mechanisms of
evolution and the evidence that
supports it; understand how a
dichotomous key works.
1.
Dichotomous Keys (
explain ( notes) and
explore ( practice)- 20
min
2. Test: Evolution ( 30
minutes) – 2 minutes per
each question (when
you finish continue to
work on your
dichotomous key
worksheet )
Turn worksheet into tray
Reminders:
extra credit due today.
Classification test Friday
Chapter 18 vocabulary quiz
tomorrow
journal check today!
How do we determine the identity of
something (like the name of a butterfly, a
plant, or a rock)?
A _______________ is a series of questions which
leads
to the identification
of an item.
dichotomous
key
Dichotomous means “divided into two parts.” There,
dichotomous keys will always provide two choices in each
step.
For Example:
Question 1: Is the
person ______ or female?
male
Question 2: Does the person wear glasses or not?
Question 3: Is the person wearing blue jeans or not?
etc.
4-10-13 Wednesday
Biology: Demonstrate an
understanding of how organisms
are classified within science;
understand how to use a
dichotomous key.
Today’s Agenda
1.Dichotomous Key Project Over
view. ( 5 min)
2.Chapter 18 vocabulary quiz ( 15
min)
3. Kingdom Dichotomous Key
Station Rotation ( 15 minutes per
each station) - which means you
should complete TWO rotations
today.---Use your own paper
4. Reminders/Clean up room ( 5
min)
Reminders:
Zeros remain zeros until YOU
handle it! Grades will be fully
updated by 8 pm tonight. Check
skyward and if you are failing,
HANDLE YOUR BUISNESS!
Classification Test this Friday ( hope
you study every evening)
I will except extra credit assignment
#2 until next Friday, #3 by this
Friday.
Your project will be due next
Wednesday ( 4/17/13)