Transcript Diet Through Life (Foundation).

Diet Through Life
Foundation
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Learning objectives
• To recognise the different
key stages in life.
• To understand why needs for
different amounts of energy
and nutrients change
through life.
• To describe the energy and
nutrient requirements of
different life stages to
maintain health.
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Key stages in life
The key stages in life include:
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pregnancy;
infancy;
childhood;
adolescence;
adulthood.
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Energy needs change through
life
Energy requirements change
through life and depend on
many factors, such as:
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age;
gender;
body size;
level of activity.
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Pregnancy
A varied diet, providing adequate amounts
of energy and nutrients, is essential before
and during pregnancy.
Having a healthy body weight is important:
-Being underweight can make it more
difficult to become pregnant and make it
more likely for the baby to have a low birth
weight, leading to a greater risk of ill health.
-Being overweight increases the risk of
complications to the mother, such as high
blood pressure and diabetes during
pregnancy as well as increasing the risk of
complications to the baby.
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Early pregnancy: folate
Folate (the natural form of folic acid
found in foods) is needed for rapid cell
division and growth in the foetus.
It can reduce the chance of neural tube
defects, such as spina bifida, in the baby.
Foods that are good sources of folate are
green leafy vegetables, oranges and
folate fortified foods such as some
breakfast cereals and breads.
Women who are trying to become
pregnant, or are pregnant, should take a
400 microgram (μg) supplement of folic
acid every day until the 12th week of
pregnancy.
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During pregnancy
During pregnancy, particularly
in the last trimester, a woman’s
nutritional needs increase to:
• help the growth of breasts,
uterus and placenta;
• meet the needs of the
growing foetus;
• lay down stores of nutrients
in the foetus, and in the
mother for lactation.
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Lactation
The process of producing breast milk
and delivering it to the baby is
called lactation.
A mother who is breastfeeding
requires extra energy and nutrients.
There are also increased demands
for nutrients, such as calcium,
phosphorous, vitamin A and C.
Breast milk provides all the energy
and nutrients a baby needs for
growth and maintenance during the
first 4 to 6 months of life.
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Breast Milk
Breast milk provides special proteins,
antibodies and white blood cells which
help to protect the baby against
infection.
It also provides growth factors and
hormones, important for the healthy
growth and development of the baby.
In the first three days after birth, the
mother produces a special form of breast
milk called colostrum. It contains less fat,
more protein and more protective factors
than the breast milk produced later.
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Weaning
At around 6 months of age, milk no
longer fulfils all the baby’s need for
energy and nutrients.
The baby must be given other foods in
addition to breast milk or infant formula.
This is called weaning.
Foods used during weaning must be
semi-fluid and soft since the baby has no
teeth and cannot chew.
Cow’s milk should not be given to infants
under 1 year of age as the main drink,
because it does not provide adequate
nutrients for the infant.
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Childhood
The energy requirements of
children increase rapidly because
they grow quickly and become
more active.
Young children do not have large
stomachs to cope with big meals.
Therefore, to achieve the relatively
high energy intake for their age,
foods should be eaten as part of
small and frequent meals.
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Healthy weight in childhood
Children should be
encouraged to remain a
healthy weight with respect to
their height.
A healthy family lifestyle can
help in the weight
management of children.
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Childhood
A good supply of protein,
calcium, iron, vitamin A and D,
as part of a healthy, balanced
diet, is important.
Calcium is needed for healthy
tooth development, and
together with vitamin D, can
help develop strong bones.
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Dental hygiene
Children should pay attention
to dental hygiene and ways to
prevent dental caries.
If children choose to eat food
and drinks high in sugar
occasionally, this should be
done at mealtimes and not in
between meals.
Brushing teeth twice a day with
a fluoride toothpaste and
regular dental visits are also
important for dental hygiene.
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Adolescence
Adolescence is a period of rapid
growth and development and is
when puberty occurs.
The demand for energy and most
nutrients are relatively high. Boys
need more protein and energy
than girls for growth.
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Weight management in
adolescence
It is important to encourage an
active lifestyle with a healthy,
balanced diet during this time.
This is because good habits
practised now are likely to
benefit their health for the rest
of their lives.
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Adolescence: Iron
After menstruation begins, girls need more
iron than boys to replace menstrual losses.
It is recommended that teenage girls and
women require 14.8mg of iron each day,
while adolescent boys need 11.3mg of iron
daily, but this reduces to 8.7mg for men aged
19 or over.
Iron from meat sources, e.g. liver, beef and
lamb, is readily absorbed by the human body.
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Iron: Absorption
Vitamin C helps to absorb iron
from non-meat sources, such
as green leafy vegetables,
nuts, pulses, dried fruits (e.g.
apricots), wheat flour and
breakfast cereals.
Therefore, drinking a glass of
fruit juice or eating fruit and
vegetables at mealtimes can
help with iron absorption.
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Adulthood
Nutritional requirements do not
change much between the
ages of 19 to 50, except during
pregnancy and lactation.
On average, UK adults are
eating too much saturated fat
and salt from food, and not
enough oily fish, fruit and
vegetables.
A poor diet can lead to
diseases such as obesity,
cardiovascular diseases,
cancer and diabetes.
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A balanced diet for adults
To reduce the risk of
developing these diseases, it is
important to:
•eat a balanced diet;
•eat plenty of fruit and
vegetables;
• drink alcohol in moderation;
• stay active;
• do not smoke.
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Healthy weight for adults
Adults should aim for a healthy
body weight for their height
and try to keep it at that level.
The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a
good indicator if a person is
underweight, overweight or a
healthy weight. To calculate
BMI (kg/m2), divide weight (kg)
by height (m) x height (m).
Recommended BMI range
Underweight
less than 18.5
Normal
18.5 - less than 25
Overweight
25 - less than 30
Obese
30 - 40
Very obese
over 40
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Older adults
Requirements for energy gradually
decrease after the age of 50 as activity
level falls.
Older adults is the term usually refers to
people over the age of 65.
Healthy ageing
To maintain good health, it is important that
older adults:
-enjoy their food;
-keep active;
-have adequate nutrient intakes.
It is also important they keep hydrated by
drinking plenty of fluid. Even minor
dehydration can lead to health problems.
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Older adults
As we progress through adulthood, bone
resorption (replacement of old bone tissue)
takes place at a faster rate than bone
formation. This leads to a gradual fall in bone
mass as we age. In women, bone loss is
accelerated following the menopause.
Osteoporosis may occur when bones become
weak, brittle and break easily. This can lead to
fractures in the wrist, back and hip.
Osteoporosis is a major problem in older adults,
especially women. One in three women and
one in ten men aged 55 years and over will
suffer from osteoporosis in their lifetime.
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Older adults
Older adults should have plenty of
calcium intake from milk and dairy
products, green leafy vegetables,
beans, pulses, and products
made from flour.
As we age, our skin is less efficient
at making vitamin D from sunlight
and it is unlikely that the diet
alone will provide adequate
vitamin D, so it is recommended
that people over the age of 65
years take a vitamin D
supplement.
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Review of Learning Objectives
• To recognise the different
key stages in life.
• To understand why needs
for different amounts of
energy and nutrients
change through life.
• To describe the energy and
nutrient requirements of
different life stages to
maintain health.
© BRITISH NUTRITION FOUNDATION 2014
Question
Adequate folate intake is
important in pregnancy…
To prevent low birth weight
To reduce the chance of
neural tube defects
To reduce the risk of high
blood pressure to the mother
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Correct answer.
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Next
question
False. Folate is needed for
rapid cell division and growth
in the foetus. It can reduce the
chance of neural tube defects,
such as spina bifida, in the
baby.
Try again
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Next
question
Question
At what age does milk no
longer fulfils all the baby’s
need for energy and nutrients?
3 months
6 months
1 year
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Correct answer.
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Next
question
False. At around 6 months of
age, milk no longer fulfils all the
baby’s need for energy and
nutrients.
Try again
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Next
question
Question
How much iron is
recommended for teenage
girls and women each day?
11.3 mg
8.7 mg
14.8 mg
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Correct answer.
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Next
question
False. It is recommended that
teenage girls and women
require 14.8mg of iron each
day, while adolescent boys
need 11.3mg of iron daily, but
this reduces to 8.7mg for men
aged 19 or over.
Try again
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Next
question
Question
On average, what are adults in
the UK eating too much of?
Oily fish
Saturated fat
Fruit and vegetables
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Correct answer.
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Next
question
False. On average, UK adults
are eating too much saturated
fat from food, and not enough
oily fish, fruit and vegetables.
Try again
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Next
question
Question
Osteoporosis is more common
in women than men.
True
False
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Correct answer.
End test
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False. Osteoporosis is a major
problem in older adults,
especially women. One in
three women and one in ten
men aged 55 years and over
will suffer from osteoporosis in
their lifetime.
Try again
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End test
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15-19 Kingsway
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Telephone: 020 7557 7930
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.nutrition.org.uk www.foodafactoflife.org.uk
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