Transcript Cholera In Malaysia

Or TAUN in Bahasa Malaysia
By
Razeen and Zulhisyam
 Cholera, sometimes
known
as Asiatic or epidemic cholera, is an
infectiousgastroenteritis caused
by enterotoxin-producing strains of
the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
 Vibrio cholerae is a Gramnegative bacterium that produces cholera
toxin, an enterotoxin, whose action on
the mucosal epithelium lining of the small
intestine
 Calcutta
India in the early 1800
 Since then, there have been a total of
eight cholera pandemics.
• 1=1817-1823 spread from India to Southeast
Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East and Russia
• The recent cholera epidemic in Pohnpei, which
was part of the eighth and current pandemic
The Italian doctor Filippo Pacini was the first to
discover the cholera bacteria (Vibrio cholerae) in
1854 when cholera hit Florence,
 but his discovery was ignored by the Italian medical
community which still subscribed to the miasmatic
theory of illness.
 1883 that the cholera bacteria was discovered again
independently by the German physician Robert
Koch.
 By this time the western medical establishment was
ready to accept the fact that microorganisms did
indeed cause illnesses such as cholera.

 exhaustive diarrhea
 blood pressure may
drop
to hypotensive levels within an hour
 The acute form of the disease (cholera
gravis) leads within hours to hypovolemia,
acidosis, and potassium deficiency from the
loss of fluid and electrolytes
 Complications include renal failure,
pulmonary oedema, abortion in pregnant
women, and profound hypoglycemia and
seizures in young children.
 contamination
is typically other cholera
patients
 untreated diarrhea discharge is allowed to
get into waterways or into groundwater or
drinking water supplies
 Any infected water and any foods washed in
the water, as well as shellfish living in the
affected waterway, can cause an infection.
KUALA TERENGGANU, Nov 21 (Bernama) -- The use
of contaminated fish to make crackers, a favourite
snack in the state, has been identified as among the
sources of cholera outbreak Terengganu
 Samples from raw chickens taken at the Gong Pauh
wholesale market in Wakaf Mempelam as well as
samples from two ice factories also tested positive
for the bacteria
 so far 621 patients were admitted due to acute
gastroenteritis. including 22 carriers and 138 tested
positive for the disease.
 New strain of cholera found. resistant to the
antibiotics usually used to treat cholera. recent floods
maybe one of the cause of the outbreak.
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KUALA LUMPUR, Nov. 23 (Xinhua) -- Sabah, a state in East Malaysia, is
confirmed to be the second state in the country to have recorded a
cholera outbreak, a Malaysian official said on Monday.
There were 18 cases reported in the state, said Malaysian Deputy Health
Minister Rosnah Abdul Rashid Shirlin after launching the Second
International Conference on Rural Medicine 2009 at KotaKinabalu, Sabah's
state capital.
While two states in Malaysia had reported cholera cases, Rosnahsaid
the ones in Terengganu, an eastern state in peninsula Malaysia, were
caused by different bacteria strain, requiring different antibiotics for
treatment.
Noting that the situation in Sabah State was under control, Rosnah
advised the public to look after their health and hygiene, and to be careful
when handling food.
The first cholera case in the recent outbreak was reported on Nov. 11 at
Kuala Terengganu, the state capital of Terengganu State and as of Sunday,
a total of 185 confirmed cases were reported in the state.
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KUALA LUMPUR, Nov. 26 (Xinhua) -- Cholera outbreaks in the two
northern states in peninsula Malaysia are believed to have been spread
from Thailand, a Malaysian official said on Thursday.
Malaysian Deputy Health Minister Rosnah Abdul Rashid Shirlin told
reporters at a ground breaking ceremony for a power plant in Sabah, a
state in East Malaysia on Thursday.
Rosnah said that while cholera cases were reported in the states of
Terengganu, Kelantan and Sabah, patients in Sabah showed only ordinary
cholera symptoms and would recover by taking ordinary antibiotics.
However, patients in Terengganu and Kelantan, two northern states in
peninsula Malaysia bordering Thailand, were not reacting to the ordinary
antibiotics.
She said that the ministry found out on Wednesday that the unusual
form of cholera was spread from Thailand where similar types of the
disease were reported.
The first cholera case in the recent outbreak was reported on Nov. 11 at
Kuala Terengganu, the state capital of Terengganu and to date, Rosnah
said Terengganu reported 185 cases while Kelantan reported 14 cases.
Rank
Countries
Amount
#1
Brazil
18 deaths
=2
Argentina
3 deaths
=2
Peru
3 deaths
=2
Ecuador
3 deaths
=2
El Salvador
3 deaths
=2
Egypt
3 deaths
=2
Venezuela
3 deaths
=8
South Africa
2 deaths
=8
Colombia
2 deaths
= 10
Belize
1 deaths
= 10
Nicaragua
1 deaths
= 10
Germany
1 deaths
= 10
Korea, South
1 deaths
= 10
Japan
1 deaths
= 10
United States
1 deaths
Total:
46 deaths
Weighted average:
3.1 deaths
 administration
of oral rehydration salts to
replace lost fluids
 In severe cases, intravenous
administration of fluids may be required
 Drugs
• Tetracycline: an antibiotic (trade name
Achromycin) derived from microorganisms of
the genus Streptomyces and used broadly to
treat infections
• Sulphonamides:more effective and less toxic
antibiotics
 Water
supply and sanitation
 Personal hygiene, food preparation
and health education
• Avoid contaminated water
• Avoid contaminated food
• Avoid ice, unless you are sure that it is made from
safe water.
• Avoid raw seafood and other raw foods
• Ice cream from unreliable sources
 Vaccines
 http://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/bnm/2009112
7/tts-floods-terengganu-night-bm993ba14.html
 http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+New
s/Malaysia/Story/A1Story20091124181850.html
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera
 http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/20
09/12/6/nation/20091206123538&sec=nation
 http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/en/