Transcript Document

TORTORA  FUNKE  CASE
ninth edition
MICROBIOLOGY
an introduction
27
Part A
Environmental
Microbiology
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case
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Microbial Diversity
 Microbes live in a variety of habitats because of their
abilities to
 Use a variety of carbon and energy sources.
 Grow under different physical conditions.
 Extremophiles live in extreme
 pH
 Temperature
 Salinity
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Mycorrhizae
 Fungi living in close association with plant roots
 Extend surface area of roots
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Figure 27.1
Commercial Uses of Mycorrhizae
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Figure 27.2
Biogeochemical Cycles
 Recycling (oxidation and reduction) of chemical
elements
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The Carbon Cycle
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Figure 27.3
The Nitrogen Cycle
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Figure 27.4
Nitrogen Cycle
Proteins and waste products
Microbial ammonification
Amino acids (–NH2)
Ammonium ion (NH4
Nitrite ion (NO2
-)
Nitrate ion (NO3
N2
-)
Nitrogen - fixation
Microbial decomposition
+)
Nitrosomonas
Nitrobacter
Pseudmonas
Ammonia (NH3)
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Ammonia (NH3)
Nitrite ion (NO2- )
Nitrate ion (NO3- )
N2
Amino acids
Formation of a Root Nodule
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Figure 27.5
The Sulfur Cycle
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Figure 27.7
Sulfur Cycle
Proteins and waste products
Amino acids (–SH)
Thiobacillus
H2S
SO4
2–
Microbial decomposition
Microbial dissimilation
H2S
SO42– (for energy)
Microbial & plant assimilation
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Amino acids
Amino acids
Life without Sunshine
 Primary producers in most ecosystems are
photoautotrophs.
Provides energy for bacteria
which may be used to fix CO2
CO2
Calvin Cycle
Sugars
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Provides carbon for cell growth
Figure 5.24b (1 of 2)
Life without Sunshine
 Primary producers in deep ocean and endolithic
communities are chemoautotrophic bacteria.
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UN 6.1
Life without Sunshine
 Primary producers in deep ocean and endolithic
communities are chemoautotrophic bacteria.
H2S
SO42–
Provides energy for bacteria
which may be used to fix CO2
CO2
Calvin Cycle
Sugars
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Provides carbon for cell growth
Figure 5.24b (2 of 2)
The Phosphorous Cycle
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UN 27.5
Degradation of Synthetic Chemicals
 Natural organic matter is easily degraded by microbes.
 Xenobiotics are resistant to degradation.
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Decomposition by Microbes
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Figure 27.8
Decomposition by Microbes
 Bioremediation: Use of microbes
to detoxify or degrade pollutants;
enhanced by nitrogen and
phosphorus fertilizer.
 Bioaugmentation: Addition of
specific microbes to degrade of
pollutant.
 Composting: Arranging organic
waste to promote microbial
degradation.
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Figure 27.9
Decomposition by Microbes
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Figure 27.10