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Status of Global Advancement of Biotechnology in All Areas Duane R. Berglund and Phil McClean Department of Plant Science North Dakota State University September 22, 2005 NDSU Extension The Crop Biotech Market Is Dominated By Five Countriesa 58.8%/118 ma (63%/106 ma) 6.7%/13 ma (6.0%/10 ma) 4.6%/9 ma (3%/7 ma) 6.2%/12 ma (3%/7 ma) 20.0%/40 ma (21%/36 ma) a2004 NDSU Top Five Countries = 96% of market 20 % increase in biotech acreage from 2003 growing season data. http://www.isaaa.org/Press_release/Briefs30-2003/press/b30_english.htm 2003 in parentheses. Extension Impact of GM Crops on Worldwide Crop Production GM crops are grown on 5% of the 3.7 billion acres of cultivated land in the world NDSU Extension Global Value of Biotech Crop Market • 2004 market value of Biotech crops was $4.70 Billion • Represented 15% of the total global crop value of $32.5 Billion • Projected global Biotech crop value in 2005 is a > $5 Billion Source: CropBiotech.Net NDSU Extension The Latest Biotech News ND GMO Planting Decisions (Winter 2005) • New law enacted during 2005 legislative session • Only the ND state government has the authority to ban plantings of GMO crops • Response to laws passed at county level in other states NDSU EU Approving GMO-free Zones (May 2005) • European Union GMO regulations permit regions to declare themselves GMO Free • Otherwise approved GMO products can be grown • 162 regions or provinces (like states in USA) have asked to be GMO free • 4500 total government units have made the request Extension NDSU Extension Economic Effect of Bt Cotton In China $200/acre increase in income $750 million increase nationally NDSU Extension Benefits to Hungarian Farmers Total benefit Farmer realized Industry realized 3 mill 76% 24% Bt corn (Western corn rootworm) 16 mill 65% 35% Herbicide tolerant maize 14 mill 73% 27% 3 mill 50% 50% Trait Bt corn (european cornborer) Herbicide tolerant sugarbeet NDSU From: Demont et al. 2005. Potential impact of biotechnology in eastern Europe: transgenic maize, sugar beet, and oilseed rape in Hungary. Extension Herbicide resistant crops current: soybean, corn, canola, cotton, alfalfa coming: sugarbeet (on hold), lettuce, strawberry, wheat (on hold), Turf grass resistance gene from bacteria is source Source: Monsanto Virus resistance papaya, squash, potato resistance gene from a virus NDSU Extension Whats Being Looked at Today in the Biotechnology Labs. Food Applications • Enzymes for cheese, yogurt, baked goods, wine Agriculture • Insect control • Other agronomic traits – fusarium, leaf rust, drought and salt tolerance • Improved Quality of grains • Food applications Animal Healthcare and Marine Life Source : Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) NDSU Healthcare • 130+ medicines and vaccines • 350+ products in clinical trials Environmental Cleanup • Microorganisms to clean-up waste Industrial Processes • Reduce impact of processes in cleaning, textile and paper industries Extension Bacterial and Animal Biotechnology Products Source: Chr. Hansen Biotech chymosin enzyme used to curdle milk products gene from yeast harvested from GE bacteria replaces the calf enzyme bST (bovine somatotropin) NDSU Source: Rent Mother Nature increases milk production gene from cow protein harvested from GE bacteria replaces cow protein originally harvested from pituitary glands of slaughtered cows Extension Next Generation of Ag Biotech Products Golden Rice Increased Vitamin A content Transgenes from bacteria and daffidol Controversory: large amount needed to solve problem and is a culture issue!! Sunflower White mold resistance Resistance gene from wheat Source: Minnesota Microscopy Society NDSU Extension Environmental Applications Indicator bacteria contamination is detected in the environment microbes sensitive to certain pollutants Bioremediation cleanup contaminated sites uses microbes designed to degrade the pollutant NDSU Extension Land Mine Detection Without this effort, that is dangerous to our military, children are maimed. NDSU Extension Land Mine Detection How biotechnology helps • Patented transgene added to plants • When metal from mine is detected • Plant turns from green to red • Technology developed by Aresa Biodetection Mine detected NDSU Extension Biotechnology and Health Product Use Insulin Diabetes Interferon Cancer Interleukin Cancer Human growth hormone Dwarfism Neuroactive proteins Pain NDSU Extension Edible Vaccines – A Biopharming Dream Biotech Plants Serving Human Health Needs • A pathogen protein gene is cloned • Gene is inserted into the DNA of plant (potato, banana, tomato) •Plant must be isolated and highly regulated! • Humans eat the plant • The body produces antibodies against pathogen protein • Human are “immunized” against the pathogen • Examples: Diarrhea Hepatitis B Measles NDSU Extension Future Health-related Biotech Products Vaccines Herpes hepatitis C AIDS malaria NDSU Tooth decay Streptococcus mutans, the mouth bacteria releases lactic acid that destroys enamel engineered Streptococcus mutans does not release lactic acid destroys the tooth decay strain of bacteria Extension Top Biotechnologies In The Future Nutritionally Enriched Crops • Malnutrition is widespread • Malnutrition is associated with many diseases • Modification of staple crops necessary to solve the problem NDSU Extension Precautionary Principle Why Europe Regulates Biotech Products Precautionary Principle States • Commercial activities can be restricted by governments IF a scientific or environment risk is perceived EVEN IF conclusive data is NOT YET available It is: • A key principle that underlies European Union approaches to regulating biotech products • Incorporated into the Maastricht Treaty that lead to the formation of the EU NDSU Extension Precautionary Principle Effects of Applying the Principle • The principle makes it difficult to: determine when risk avoidance should take precedence over the general welfare • At its most basic, the principle Regulates man’s excitement of the new and novel Can prevent the most unexpected damage from occurring NDSU • As interpreted the principle requires that: Biotech products should be regulated until compelling evidence proves they are safe Extension What Would Lead to Acceptance of GMO Products? Significantly Lower Prices Norway (2003 study) Consumers would buy the product over non-GMO bread If the cost of GMO bread 49.5% lower Japan (2004 study) Consumers would preferentially buy GMO-base product If the cost of GMO noodles was >50% lower Data quoted from: AgBioForum (2004) 7:70-75 NDSU England (2001 study) Men: would pay 26% extra to avoid GMO technology Woman: would pay 49% extra to avoid GMO technology Extension Other Attitudes Toward Biotechnology Developing Countries China • Will pay 16% premium for GM oil 38% premium for GMO rice 35% premium for processed GMO potato products Colombia • 66% would try GMO products • GMO products most favorable to those with limited access to high quality food NDSU Data quoted from: AgBioForum (2004) 7:70-75 Extension Why Are Attitudes Different?? In these countries, •An urgent need for available, nutritious food of good quality exitsted • Individuals trusted their government • Science in general had a positive public opinion Data quoted from: AgBioForum (2004) 7:70-75 NDSU These attitudes are opposite of those expressed in European public opinion pools. Extension Thanks for your attention ANY QUESTIONS NDSU Extension