Transcript Milk Production by Country 1995

Mastitis
• Inflammation of the mammary gland
• infection or injury
• Important
• reduced milk yield
• increased culling
• treatment cost & un-salable milk
• lower milk quality
Mastitis
• Clinical
• acute or chronic
• abnormal milk, udder &/or cow
appearance
• Subclinical
• can not detect by appearance
• somatic cells - epithelial cells &
leukocytes
Milk Yield and SCC
Lact. Ave.
Lact. Ave.
Difference in yield (305d)
SCS
SCC (1000/ml)
Lact. 1
Lact. >1
0
12.5
-
-
1
25
-
-
2
50
-
-
3
100
-200
-400
4
200
-400
-800
5
400
-600
-1200
6
800
-800
-1600
7
1600
-1000
-2000
Mastitis
• Contagious bacteria
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Streptococcus agalactiae
• Corynebacterium bovis
Mastitis
• Environmental bacteria
• Escherichia coli
• Klebsiella species
• Citrobacter species
• Enterobacter species
• Streptococcus uberis, dysgalactiae,
equinus, & many others
• Enterococcus faecalis & faecium
Mastitis
• Other mastitis pathogens
• Coagulase neg. staphylococci
• Pseudomonads
• Yeasts
• Mycoplasma species
Likelihood of New Infection
• Intensity of teat end exposure to
pathogens (pathogen load)
• Likelihood of pathogens gaining entry to
mammary gland
• Ability of pathogens to grow in
mammary gland & survive host defense
systems
Liner slip & Mastitis
40
30
High slip
Low slip
20
10
0
Clinical
Subclinical
Air - when liner slips
Droplet Impacts
Impacts
Air
Air
Air
Correlations between Udder
Morphology & Liner Slips
Characteristic
Correlation
Front udder height
-.23
Rear udder height
-.28
Udder levelness
.25
Front teat distance - before milking
.44
Rear teat distance - before milking
.34
Milking Speed & Mastitis
(Phenotypic Relationship)
Slow
Average flow rate
Fast
Rates of New Infection by
Stage of Lactation
Immune
suppression
Dry
Calving
Lactation
Dry off
Why New Infections Near
Calving?
• Physiological stress associated with
parturition
• Reduced concentration of nonspecific
immune factors in secretions
• Edema & leaking of milk
• Components of colostrum that interfere
with leukocyte function
Why New Infections at
Beginning of Dry Period?
• Flushing of teat & ducts is terminated
• Increased udder pressure & leakage of
milk
• Teat dipping & cleaning stopped
• Phagocyte function (immune cells) is
impaired
Why Few New Infections
During Middle of Dry Period?
•
•
•
•
•
Low stress
Decreased intramammary pressure
Keratin plug
Increased leukocyte concentration
Increased concentrations of nonspecific
immune factors (lactoferrin)
Exposure to Pathogens
• Contagious pathogens
• Reservoir - infected glands
• Milking equipment, hands, hygiene
practices, teat conditions
• Environmental pathogens
• Exposure to teat surface is mostly
between milkings
Detection & Diagnosis of
Mastitis
• Herd level
• SCC
• Conductivity
• Bulk tank cultures
• Herd cultures
Detection & Diagnosis of
Mastitis
• Cow level
• Physical examination
• Appearance of milk
• California mastitis test (CMT)
• SCC
• Conductivity
• Antibody tests (Staph. Aureus)
• Individual cow/quarter cultures
infected udder
Test tube to aseptically
collect samples
Possible infected
udder
2 to 3 streams
of foremilk
.1 ml sample is
drawn
Changes in Milk Composition
Associated with Increased SCC
Constituent
Normal milk
High SCC milk
SNF
8.9
8.8
Fat
3.5
3.2
Lactose
4.9
4.4
Total protein
3.6
3.6
Total casein
2.8
2.3
Whey protein
.8
1.3
Changes in Milk Composition
Associated with Increased SCC
Constituent
Normal milk
High SCC milk
Serum albumin
.02
.07
Lactoferrin
.02
.10
Immunoglobulins
.10
.60
Sodium
.057
.105
Chloride
.091
.147
Potassium
.173
.157
Calcium
.12
.04
Control of Mastitis
• Premilking preparation
• Cleaning & drying teats
• Limit water & dry - use indiv. towel
• Predipping
• Can help with environmental
mastitis
• Methods?
• Hazards?
Control of Mastitis
• Teat dipping (post milking)
• Contagious pathogens mostly (50%
reduction in new infections)
• Tested products only (Iodine or
Chlorine based)
• Barrier dips
• Hazards/problems?
• Application methods?
Teat Dipping Techniques
Spraying
Teat Dipping Techniques
Spraying
Side spray does
NOT cover all of
teat touched by
liner!!
Teat Dipping Techniques
Spraying
Teat Dipping Techniques
Spraying
Be sure to
cover all the
teat touched
by the liner!!
Teat Dipping Techniques
Cup Dipping
Be sure to
cover all the
teat touched by
the liner!!
Control of Mastitis
• Dry cow therapy
• Treat all cows/quarters
• Cures existing infections
• Decreases new infections at drying
off (Strep. Ag. - not E. coli.)
• Does not impact new infections at
calving
• Hazards/problems?
• Application methods?
Partial Insertion
Short cannula
Do NOT insert
long cannula
all the way into the teat
-will cause damage
to keratin
Long cannula
Insert cannula just
through the streak canal
-further insertion may
damage keratin
Control of Mastitis
• Segregation
• Sick cows separate & milk last
• Select replacements carefully
• Bedding
• Clean & dry
• Inorganic if possible
• Stall design & housing
• Bedded packs are a problem
Control of Mastitis
• Nutrition
• Vitamins (E is critical)
• Selenium (recommend .3 ppm)
• Keep cows standing after milking
• Feeding?
Control of Mastitis
• Vaccination
• Stimulate antibodies against mastitis
• Problem - many strains
• Coliform - J5 vaccines
• Reduces number of clinical events
& severity (not fewer infections)
• Other vaccines (Staph. Aureus)
Mastitis Therapy
• Antibiotics
• 10-12 over the counter drugs
• 5-6 prescription drugs
• Extra-label use (need Rx)
• Careful with residues (withdrawl)
• Intramammary infusion or under skin
Mastitis Therapy - When &
How to Use
• Subclinical mastitis (SCC or
conductivity)?
• Clinical mastitis
• Know pathogens involved - critical
• Historical record is critical to success
• Severity is important
Mastitis Therapy - When &
How to Use
• Coliform mastitis
• Acute or peracute - vet or intense
treatment including fluid & antiinflammatory
• Mild to moderate - oxytocin & milking
• Antibiotic therapy - not indicated
• Problems/issues?
Mastitis Therapy - When &
How to Use
• Staph. aureus
• Antibiotic therapy - try initially
• Problems/issues?
• Strep. agalactiae
• Antibiotic therapy - usually works
• Problems/issues?
Mastitis Therapy - When &
How to Use
• Strep. other than Strep. agalactiae
• Antibiotic therapy - usually indicated
• Problems/issues?
• Other species?
Heifer Mastitis
• More prevalent than most people think
• >50% of quarters infected
• Coag. neg. staph.
• Strep. other than Strep. Agalactiae
• Staph. Aureus
• Antibiotic therapy before calving?
No. Klebsiella Bacteria per ml
of Bedding
100K
10K
1K
100
Chopped straw
Sawdust
Sand
Limestone
No. Coliform Bacteria per ml
of Bedding
10m
1m
100K
10K
100
Straw
Sawdust
Corncobs
Limestone
Sand
Sample is
smeared on
a blood
agar plate
Blood agar plate
Mastitis-causing bacteria
colonies
Blood agar plate
1 per quarter
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
Aureus
Coliforms, and
other gram
negative
organisms
Control of Mastitis
• Backflushing
• Contagious pathogens
• Necessary?
Teat Dipping Techniques
Spraying
Be sure to
cover all the
teat touched
by the liner!!
Teat Dipping Techniques
Spraying
Teat Dipping Techniques
Spraying
Teat Dipping Techniques
Cup Dipping
Teat Dipping Techniques
Cup Dipping
Teat Dipping Techniques
Cup Dipping
Teat Dipping Techniques
Cup Dipping
Teat Dipping Techniques
Cup Dipping
Be sure to
cover all the
teat touched by
the liner!!
Sphincter
muscle
Streak
canal
Detacher Setting Flow Rates
& Left Over Milk
1.5
1
0.5
0
.5 lbs./min
2.0 lbs./min