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Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Unicellular (single-cell) Prokaryotes (no membrane-bound organelles) Cell Walls contain peptidoglycan, not cellulose First appeared approximately 3.7 BYA Nutrition Autotrophs- manufacture organic compounds – Photoautotrophs- use light energy & CO2 – Chemoautotrophs-use inorganic substances like H2S, NH3, and other nitrogen compounds Heterotrophs- obtain energy by consuming organic compounds – parasites- get energy from living organisms – saprobes (saprophytes)- get energy from dead, decaying matter; also called decomposers Heterotroph Ingestion & Digestion Bacteria cells digest foods by releasing enzymes (which are usually poisonous) outside the cells and into their food. This is called Extra-cellular digestion. The digested foods are then absorbed by diffusion or active transport. Oxygen Preferences obligate aerobes must have oxygen obligate anaerobes cannot live in oxygen facultative anaerobes can grow with or without oxygen Characteristics used for Classification: RNA sequences and structure type of nutrition ability to produce endospores- resistant structures with cytoplasm and DNA method of movement shape, and the way the cells are grouped composition of cell wall and it’s ability to absorb stain General Characteristics are found almost everywhere are often pathogenic (they make us sick!) are divided into groups according to: – their shape – grouping – cell wall – ability to absorb stains Shapes Coccus = spherical (coccus came from the Greek word for berries!) Bacillus = rod-shaped Spirilla = spiral-shaped Grouping Diplo- Pairs Streptos- Chains Staphylo- Clusters http://genome.microbio.uab.edu/strep/info/strep5.gif http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/00520/gallery/thumbnails/thumb_diplococcus.jpg Examples of Spherical-shaped cells Coccus (sng) , cocci (pl) A Group of Two is referred to as: Diplo…….. This is diplococccus A Cluster of cells is referred to as: Staphylo…. This is Staphylococcus What a slide of Typical coccus looks like in a microscope. Coccus http://www.uleth.ca/bio/bio1010/Coccus1.jpg Streptococcus aurelius Strep Throat Staph Infection Rod-shaped cells Bacillus (sng) , Bacilli (pl) Typical Bacillus Bacillus http://er1.org/docs/photos/Anthrax/bacillus%20anthracis%20-03.jpg Typical Bacillus in a Microscope Spiral-shaped cells Spirillum (sng) , Spirlli (pl) Spirochetes Gram Stain A staining method to differentiate bacteria Gram-negative refers to the inability to retain the deep violet dye Gram-positive refers to the ability to retain the deep violet dye Gram Staining Gram Negative cells Gram Positive Cells Bacterial Diseases Anthrax Botulism Lyme Disease Salmonella Tetanus Tooth decay Tuberculosis Bacteria Photos Clostridium perfringes Anthrax Bacteria Photos E. coli Clostridium tetani Bacteria Photos Neisseria gonorrhoeae Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria Photos Strep Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic autotrophs that produce carbohydrates and oxygen tend to cling together in chains or colonies contain enzymes that allow them to “fix” atmospheric nitrogen http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/maderbiology7/graphics/mader07b/online_vrl/images/0510l.jpg Filamentous: Chain of cells http://www.spea.indiana.edu/joneswi/e455/Anabaena.jpg Oscillatoria http://botit.botany.wisc.edu:16080/images/130/Bacteria/Cyanobacteria/Oscillatoria/Oscillatoria_MC.jpg Anabaena _ http://www.bio.mtu.edu/~jkoyadom/algae_webpage/ALGAL_IMAGES/cyanobacteria/Anabaena_jason_dbtow17 2016.jpg Some filamentous cyanobacteria have Heterocysts, which are Nitrogen-fixing structures http://www.people.vcu.edu/~elhaij/IntroBioinf/Scenarios/heterocyst2.JPG The role of bacteria in the Nitrogen cycle Nitrogen-fixation some soil bacteria live in the ground and take in Nitrogen from the surroundings. the Nitrogen is combined with oxygen to form nitrites and nitrates. Plants use the nitrates and nitrites to make proteins. Denitrification some soil bacteria break down the nitrogen compounds and release the nitrogen back into the environment. plants could not live without Nitrogen-fixing and Denitrifying bacteria. Asexual Reproduction Fission – cells grow in size the split in two…. Genetically identical Binary Sexual Reproduction (exchanging DNA) Conjugation two bacteria join together and exchange portions of DNA Transformation DNA is taken in by a bacterium, and then used. Transduction DNA is transferred to a bacterium by a virus. Endospores When environmental factors become harsh bacteria will either die or form endospores. If bacteria have time, if the environmental changes are slow enough, they usually form endospores. Examples of Symbiotic Relationships – E. coli in the intestines of mammals aid in digestion. Mutualism – some bacteria are parasites. They live in a host and eventually overpopulate. As they do they use the host’s food and water, and eventually they starve the tissues. Parasitism Beneficial Uses/Effects chemical recyclers (Nitrogen Cycle) the production of HGH, Insulin, Etc., through Genetic Engineering oil spill cleanup synthesis of Vitamins in your intestines