Neonatal Infections
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Transcript Neonatal Infections
Neonatal Infections
May 2005
Dr Patricia Fenton
Sheffield Children’s Hospital
Neonatal Infections
Hazard analysis at critical control point
A baby production line
Uterus to push chair
The Bad News Is…..
No
Pictures
The Good News Is….
994 out of every 1000
infants born in the
UK survive
Some Definitions
Infant - <1 year
Neonate - < I month
“early onset” - < 7 days
Infant Deaths 93-97 (Number)
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Congen
Infection
E and W figures
Neonates account
for 67% of deaths
Infection is NOT a
major cause of
neonatal death.
A Hazardous Journey
The uterus: Listeria monocytogenes
The birth canal: group B streptococcus
The unit: Acinetobacter baumanii
Devices: CNS
The attendants: Staph aureus
Three Barriers to Infection
NORMAL
FLORA
SKIN AND
MUCOUS
MEMBRANES
IMMUNITY
Impaired Barriers
Thin skin
Raw umbilicus
Invasive devices
Small/premature =
Poor antibody response
Poor neutrophil response
Poor complement activation
Impaired macrophage activity
Poor T cell function
Reduced placental IgG
Clinical Presentations
Not breathing well
Not feeding well
Not looking well
lethargic irritable mottled
Fever and tachycardia
Seizures
AND NOT A BLOOD TEST OR XRAY!
Listeria monocytogenes
1-3 cases per million per year E&W
17 pregnancy associated cases 2001
>300 pregnancy assoc. 87-89
Soft cheese, paté and chilled meals
All animals
5% humans in bowel
Listeria - an interesting organism
G + rod
Flagellae-RT not BT
Tumbling motility
Haemolytic BA
Invasin (IC)
Actin tails
Listerioloysin O
Log10 bacteria per ml
9
8
7
6
5
4 degrees
minus 20
4
3
2
1
0
1 week
2 weeks
3 weeks
4 weeks
Disease Spectrum
Influenza like illness (maternal)
Sepsis with stillbirth
Neonatal sepsis/meningitis
Sepsis/meningitis in impaired immunity
(at any age)
Treatment, Outcome and Control
Ampicillin or amoxycillin
Plus gentamicin
One third fatal
Avoidance, food quality measures, high
level of suspicion, early treatment
Early Onset GBS Disease
376 cases in 2001
39 died
Important because:
Identified risk factors
Preventable
Risk Factors
Previous baby affected by GBS
GBS in urine at any time this pregnancy
Preterm labour
Prolonged ROM
Fever in labour
(RCOG guidelines 2003)
Screening Based Strategy
27% carry it (rectal plus vaginal swabs)
Antibiotic prophylaxis 86% reduction
Treat 1000, prevent 1.4
Risk Factor Strategy
25% women have one or more risk
Antibiotic prophylaxis 69% reduction
Treat 1000, prevent 2
The Disease
Early onset
Low apgar
Sepsis
Pneumonia
GBS causes 70% early onset sepsis
Low birth weight
Prevention
Choose your mother carefully (IgG)
Be big (mortality 6% vs. 18%)
Penicillin AT ONSET OF LABOUR
Christmas Day HH
Premature 35/40
No ANC
Septic, ventilated
Extubated day 11
Home “to die”
BUT….
The Unit
24 cots (2x6 bedded 1x12 bedded)
Zero to two cases per year for 5 years
4 month period 11 cases clinical sepsis
All cases in one 6 bedded ward area
The Bug
Acinetobacter baumannii
Gram negative cocco-bacillus
Water-dwelling saprophyte
Long survival on dry surfaces
Mattresses, air con, ventilators
Up to 25% normal human skin flora
Dissemination via hands?
What Happened Next?
Cultured everything.
Results?
Nothing
Followed each baby
and everything that
happened to them
And they found
Hydrocolloid dressings-large sheets
Cut and stored
Used on skin
CULTURE POSITIVE OUTBREAK
STRAIN
What happened next?
Practice stopped
Outbreak ended
3 babies died
Lessons Learnt
A knowledge of background infection
rates useful (none to 11)
Susceptible patients are just that
Plastic wallets make good incubators
Devices
Initial response
Getting worse
Central line in situ
?CNS
Coagulase negative staphylococci
Gram positive cocci
Normal skin flora
Low grade pathogen in normal host
Hydrophobic cell surface (adheres)
Polysaccharide production - biofilm
Neonatal infections
Neonatal Unit B/C
CNS
Stau
E.coli
GNB’s
GBS
234
17
19
32
18
Attendants
6 week period
4 blistered babies
Early discharge
14 more identified
Staph aureus
Phage type 3A/3C
Exfoliative toxin A
Outbreak Control
Swabs of all staff handling newborns
Check all hands
One individual handled 17/18 affected
Epidemic strain from nose, axilla, peri
All other staff negative
Treatment of carrier ended outbreak
Staphylococcus aureus
Looks like CNS and..
Normal flora (30% adults) but..
Highly pathogenic
Exfoliative toxin A - SSSS
Potential for cross infection
Treated with flucloxacillin
Control Measures
Wash hands
and
check hands
Conclusions
Infection: significant hazard to neonate
Journey womb to push chair
Bacteria for every occasion
Smaller is frailer
Never give up on a neonate
Our Aim at SCH
Family focused service
Putting the needs and welfare
of children first