Neonatal Infections

Download Report

Transcript Neonatal Infections

Neonatal Infections
May 2005
Dr Patricia Fenton
Sheffield Children’s Hospital
Neonatal Infections
Hazard analysis at critical control point
A baby production line
Uterus to push chair
The Bad News Is…..
No
Pictures
The Good News Is….
994 out of every 1000
infants born in the
UK survive
Some Definitions

Infant - <1 year

Neonate - < I month

“early onset” - < 7 days
Infant Deaths 93-97 (Number)
8000
7000

6000

5000
4000

3000
2000
1000
0
Congen
Infection
E and W figures
Neonates account
for 67% of deaths
Infection is NOT a
major cause of
neonatal death.
A Hazardous Journey





The uterus: Listeria monocytogenes
The birth canal: group B streptococcus
The unit: Acinetobacter baumanii
Devices: CNS
The attendants: Staph aureus
Three Barriers to Infection
NORMAL
FLORA
SKIN AND
MUCOUS
MEMBRANES
IMMUNITY
Impaired Barriers

Thin skin

Raw umbilicus

Invasive devices
Small/premature =






Poor antibody response
Poor neutrophil response
Poor complement activation
Impaired macrophage activity
Poor T cell function
Reduced placental IgG
Clinical Presentations
Not breathing well
 Not feeding well
 Not looking well
lethargic irritable mottled
 Fever and tachycardia
 Seizures
AND NOT A BLOOD TEST OR XRAY!

Listeria monocytogenes






1-3 cases per million per year E&W
17 pregnancy associated cases 2001
>300 pregnancy assoc. 87-89
Soft cheese, paté and chilled meals
All animals
5% humans in bowel
Listeria - an interesting organism







G + rod
Flagellae-RT not BT
Tumbling motility
Haemolytic BA
Invasin (IC)
Actin tails
Listerioloysin O
Log10 bacteria per ml
9
8
7
6
5
4 degrees
minus 20
4
3
2
1
0
1 week
2 weeks
3 weeks
4 weeks
Disease Spectrum

Influenza like illness (maternal)
Sepsis with stillbirth

Neonatal sepsis/meningitis

Sepsis/meningitis in impaired immunity
(at any age)

Treatment, Outcome and Control

Ampicillin or amoxycillin
Plus gentamicin

One third fatal

Avoidance, food quality measures, high
level of suspicion, early treatment

Early Onset GBS Disease


376 cases in 2001
39 died
Important because:
 Identified risk factors
 Preventable
Risk Factors





Previous baby affected by GBS
GBS in urine at any time this pregnancy
Preterm labour
Prolonged ROM
Fever in labour
(RCOG guidelines 2003)
Screening Based Strategy

27% carry it (rectal plus vaginal swabs)

Antibiotic prophylaxis 86% reduction

Treat 1000, prevent 1.4
Risk Factor Strategy

25% women have one or more risk

Antibiotic prophylaxis 69% reduction

Treat 1000, prevent 2
The Disease






Early onset
Low apgar
Sepsis
Pneumonia
GBS causes 70% early onset sepsis
Low birth weight
Prevention

Choose your mother carefully (IgG)

Be big (mortality 6% vs. 18%)

Penicillin AT ONSET OF LABOUR
Christmas Day HH
Premature 35/40
 No ANC
 Septic, ventilated
 Extubated day 11
 Home “to die”
BUT….

The Unit




24 cots (2x6 bedded 1x12 bedded)
Zero to two cases per year for 5 years
4 month period 11 cases clinical sepsis
All cases in one 6 bedded ward area
The Bug







Acinetobacter baumannii
Gram negative cocco-bacillus
Water-dwelling saprophyte
Long survival on dry surfaces
Mattresses, air con, ventilators
Up to 25% normal human skin flora
Dissemination via hands?
What Happened Next?
Cultured everything.
Results?

Nothing

Followed each baby
and everything that
happened to them
And they found




Hydrocolloid dressings-large sheets
Cut and stored
Used on skin
CULTURE POSITIVE OUTBREAK
STRAIN
What happened next?

Practice stopped
Outbreak ended

3 babies died

Lessons Learnt

A knowledge of background infection
rates useful (none to 11)

Susceptible patients are just that

Plastic wallets make good incubators
Devices




Initial response
Getting worse
Central line in situ
?CNS
Coagulase negative staphylococci






Gram positive cocci
Normal skin flora
Low grade pathogen in normal host
Hydrophobic cell surface (adheres)
Polysaccharide production - biofilm
Neonatal infections
Neonatal Unit B/C





CNS
Stau
E.coli
GNB’s
GBS
234
17
19
32
18
Attendants







6 week period
4 blistered babies
Early discharge
14 more identified
Staph aureus
Phage type 3A/3C
Exfoliative toxin A
Outbreak Control






Swabs of all staff handling newborns
Check all hands
One individual handled 17/18 affected
Epidemic strain from nose, axilla, peri
All other staff negative
Treatment of carrier ended outbreak
Staphylococcus aureus

Looks like CNS and..
Normal flora (30% adults) but..
Highly pathogenic
Exfoliative toxin A - SSSS
Potential for cross infection

Treated with flucloxacillin




Control Measures
Wash hands
and
check hands
Conclusions





Infection: significant hazard to neonate
Journey womb to push chair
Bacteria for every occasion
Smaller is frailer
Never give up on a neonate
Our Aim at SCH
Family focused service
Putting the needs and welfare
of children first