Transcript Tuberculosis - Virginia State University

Tuberculosis
Erin King
Introduction
• Tuberculosis is an infectious disease which primarily
affects the lungs
• Its name is derived from the bacterial source which
causes it called
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis¹
http://www.medicinenet.com/tuberculosis/article.htm
Types of TB
• Latent
• Active
Introduction
TB has the ability to lie dormant in the body
asymptomatic and not being able to be spread
• Becomes active when the immune system of the
infected person is compromised
• Once activated, TB can affect the lungs or other
parts of the body
Transmission
• A person contracts the disease by inhaling the
actual bacteria in the air
• When an infected person coughs or sneezes, it
is possible for someone else to breathe in the
bacteria
Signs and symptoms
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Hacking cough
Chest pains
Sputum or blood
Chills
Fever
Weakness/fatigue
Night sweats
Diagnosis
• TB skin test
– Developed in 1907 by Clemens Von Pirquet to identify
latent TB in children
– Done by injecting tuberculin in the arm and examining
the arm 48-72 hours later for a reaction
Treatment
• Since TB is resistant to many drugs over a
period of time, a combination of drugs is usually
given
– Isoniazoid
– Rifampin
– Ethambutol
– Pyrazinamide
History on Development
• Tuberculosis decay has been found in the spines of
Egyptians dating back to 3000-2400B.C.
• Was not identified as a disease until 1820’s and was not
classified as tuberculosis until 1839 by J.L. Schonlein
• Roman physicians suggested bathing in urine, eating
wolf livers, and drinking elephant’s blood to cure the
disease
History of Development
• Robert Koch, a German physician, found TB was caused
by microscopic organisms in 1832He gave an important
lecture in which he brought his “lab” to the lecture, so
people could see the results for themselves.
• He dissected the tissue from guinea pigs which had
previously been inoculated with TB
• He performed a stain on the culture and allowed people
to look through the microscope to discover his newfound
bacteria: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
History of Early Treatment
• Artificial pneumothorax
– Discovered by Italian physician Carlo Forlanini in 1882
• Chemotherapy
– Used in WW2 for TB patients and was a combination of
Sulfonamide and penicillin.
• Radiation
– Wilhelm Konrad von Roentgen discovered in 1895 that radiation
reduces severity of
TB by inactivating the bacteria
Antibiotics
• 1943-Selman Waksman developed the antibiotic
streptomycin
– First administered to a TB patient in 1944
• Result was the disease stopped progressing and
bacteria disappeared
• Eventually became new mutants
became resistant
Common drug treatments today
• Isoniazoid
– Discovered in 1912 and discovered to treat
TB in 1951
– Mechanism of Action: unclear but has been
proven to prevent TB bacteria from making
mycolic acids which are needed in order to
form the bacteria’s cell wall.
– Oral/Injected
Isoniazoid
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Chemical name: 4-pyridinecarboxylic acid hydrazide
• Molecular formula: C6H7N3O
• Organic compound also known as Laniazid or Nydrazid
• FW: 137.14
Rifampin
• Introduced in 1967
• Works in combination with other drugs to
prevent or stop the growth of TB bacteria by
directly inhibiting RNA synthesis
• Chemical Formula: C43H58N4O12
• Chemical Name: 3-[(4-methyl-1piperazinyl)imino-methyl]-nfamycin
Pyrazinamide
• Stops the growth of TB bacteria by inhibiting the fatty
acid synthetase I of bacteria
• Mechanism is still unclear on how
• Used in combination with isoniazid, rifampin, and
ethambutol
Ethambutol
• Similar to Isoniazid in the sense that it obstructs the
formation of the cell wall of TB bacteria via of preventing
bacteria from producing mycolic acids
Latest Discovery
• Biochemical researchers have discovered that minimal
amounts of sulfur dioxide can kill TB bacteria
– The idea came from a researcher in India who knew
about SO2 and its antibiotic effect on wine and
wanted to do further testing on TB bacteria
– A group of 2,4-dinitrylphenlsulfonamides that can
react with thiols to produce sulfur dioxide
Latest Discovery
• The idea was tested by adding cysteine to different
groups of 2,4-diphenylsulfonamides in order to
determine which ones produced the most SO2.The
resulting SO2 was then added to different
Mycobacterium colonies. After about a month,
researchers examined that the molecules which
produced the most SO2 inhibited the concentration
growth of bacteria even more than the drug Isoniazid. It
reduced growth by 99% at 0.15uM, while Izoniazid
accomplishes the same but at a concentration of
0.37uM. Further research must be done.
References
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History of TB. Global Tuberculosis Institute. Accessed 23 Jan 2012. http://www.umdnj.edu.ntbc/tbhistory.htm
Mason, Margie. New TB Strain Resistant to all Drugs. ABC News. 16 Jan 2012. Accessed 25 Jan 2012.
http://www.ABCnews.go.cm/health/winestory/india-reports-tb-strain-resistant-drugs
Robert Koch and Tuberculosis. Nobel Prize.Org.9 Dec 2003. Accessed 23 Jan 2012.
http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/tuberculosis
RX List. Internet Drug Index. 17 Dec 2010. Accessed 23 Jan 2012.
http://rxlist.om/rimfampin/isoniazid/ethambutol/pyrazinamide-drug
Sanderson, Katharine. Hitting TB with Toxic Gas. Chemical and Engineering News. 9 Dec 2011. Accessed Jan 26
2012. http://www.cen.acs.org/articles/89/web/2011/Hitting-TB-Toxic-Gas
Tuberculosis. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. National Institute of Health. 13 May 2010.
Accessed 24 Jan 2012. http://www.niand.nih.gov/topics/tuberculosis
Tuberculosis. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 5 Jan 2012. Accessed 24 Jan 2012.
http://www.cdc.gov/tb
Tuberculosis. World Health Organization. Accessed 24 Jan 2012. http://www.who.int/topics/tb/en/2012
Working on New Drugs. Accessed 26 Jan 2012. http://www.newtodrugs.org/pipeline.php
Image References
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http://livelikedirt.blogspot.com/2011/02/tuberculosis-infection-rate-in-nunavut.html
http://www.reteaparty.com/2011/09/20/dozens-test-positive-for-exposure-to-tuberculosis/
http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/infectious-disease/tuberculosis/
http://www.bioquellus.com/technology/microbiology/mycobacterium-tuberculosis/
http://www.dr.marahimi.com/tag/m-africanum/
http://www.med.cmu.ac.th/dept/pediatrics/06-interest-cases/ic-75/page1.htm
http://www.moondragon.org/alternative/therapy/clinicalecology.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Brehmer
http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/objects/display.aspx?id=5956
http://www.lookchem.com/cas-140/1406-10-6.htm
http://textbookofbacteriology.net/themicrobialworld/antimicrobial.html
http://trade.indiamart.com/details.mp?offer=1169326288
http://www.pharmgkb.org/drug/PA451250
http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/pim288.htm
http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?id=1411
http://www.onlinepharmacycatalog.com/category/common-drugs-and-medications/antibiotics/ethambutol-emb-myambutol/
http://www.newtbdrugs.org/pipeline.php
http://nigsp.wordpress.com/2011/10/28/tuberculosis-at-chamartin-train-station-the-great-pretender/
http://wkvonroentgen.blogspot.com/