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CHILDREN'S ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CONFERENCE, OCTOBER 17, 2003 beck Gary Beck Microbiologist III Dept for Env Protection, Div of Water 7/16/2015 1 Water Quality Standards Kentucky Primary contact recreational use standard (Swimming) 200 – 400 CFU per 100 ml Secondary contact recreational use standard (Wading) 1,000 – 2,000 CFU per 100 ml Domestic Water Supply 2,000 CFU per 7/16/2015 100 ml 2 Topics of Discussion How does Kentucky protect waters of the Commonwealth? 401 KAR 5:031 Section 6 Surface Water Standards 7/16/2015 3 Water quality indicators 7/16/2015 What is an indicator? Fecal coliform bacteria E. coli bacteria Kentucky uses fecal coliform bacteria as an indicator of water quality for recreational uses 4 What is the fecal coliform standard? Fecal coliform content shall not exceed 200 colonies per 100 ml as a geometric mean based on not less than five samples taken within a 30-day period; nor exceed more than 400 per 100 ml in 20 % or more of all samples taken during the month. These standards apply May 1st through October 31st. E. coli will be added as an indicator of water quality. E. coli is a member of the fecal coliform group of bacteria. USEPA considers it is a better indicator 7/16/2015 5 (1986). What is the standard for E. coli? It is based upon frequency of use Topic Three Designated bathing beach-----------75% Moderate use-----------------------------82% Light use-----------------------------------90% Infrequent----------------------------------95% C.L. C. L. C. L. C. L. 235 298 406 576 Based on five samples equally spaced over a 30-day period, the geometric mean should not exceed 126 per 100 ml. 7/16/2015 6 What waterborne diseases are in polluted water? Bacteria – aerobic Viruses – Hepatitis A – Salmonella – Shigella – E. coli (Legionella) – – – – – - Norwalk Ova & Parasites Nematodes – tapeworms, - roundworms Paratyphoid Fever Giardia Gasterointeritis Schistosoma Traveloer’s diarreha Cryptosporidium Cholera Swimmer’s itch (Pseudomonas) ear infections Protozoans - Entameba histolytica 7/16/2015 7 How does DOW protect the waters of the Commonwealth? Ambient Monitoring (about 100 stations) Regional Offices 305b Biennial Report to Congress on Water Quality Swimming Advisory Monitoring Licking River, Banklick Creek, Three Mile Cr Upper Cumberland River North Fork Kentucky River Monitored monthly, May through October 7/16/2015 8 Sources of fecal pollution Improperly operating sewage treatment plants Failed septic tanks Straight pipe discharges of untreated waste from private households. Nonpoint Source Pollution Animals (cows in creek) 7/16/2015 9 Protocol 7/16/2015 DOP & CHR request NREPC DOP & CHR are lead agencies NREPC backup data and press release CHR drafts and edits the advisory and press releases and posts the advisory 10 Comparison of E. coli and Fecal Coliform Analyses in the North Fork Kentucky River Watershed Gary Beck, Kentucky Division of Water 7/16/2015 11 SUBBASINS 7/16/2015 12 KENTUCKY PHSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS 7/16/2015 13 7/16/2015 14 PURPOSE 7/16/2015 Estabilsh a quantitative comparison of E. coli and fecal coliform results Evaluate the differences in the procedures determine the workload of the E. coli procedure on the laboratory 15 NORTH FORK KENTUCKY RIVER SWIMMING ADVISORY 7/16/2015 Swimming advisory on approximately 80 miles from the headwaters downstream Total stream length approximately 160 miles Sampled May through October 16 FC ELEVEN STATIONS ELEVEN STATIONS SAMPLED MONTHLY SAMPLED MONTHLY 75 SAMPLES PLUS SEVEN DUPLICATES 75 SAMPLES PLUS SEVEN DUPLICATES FC CONFIRMATION IN LT & EC BROTHS BY THREE ANALYSTS 7/16/2015 EC ACURACY RATE 98% AND 90% SPECIFIC FOR E. coli 17 INDICATORS 7/16/2015 Total Coliform group bacteria includes the genera Escherichia, Citrobacter, Enterobacter and Klebsiella Fecal Coliform group bacteria are part of the total coliform group E. coli is the major species in the fecal coliform group 18 STANDARDS Fecal Coliform Geo Mean- 200 CFU per 100 mL (minimum 5 samples) No more than 400 CFU per 100 mL in any sample 7/16/2015 E. coli Geo Mean126 Single sample Beach- 235 CFU per 100 mL Moderate Use298 CFU per 100 mL Light Use406 CFU per 100 mL Infrequent Use576 CFU per 100 mL 19 PROCEDURE COMPARISONS 7/16/2015 MTEC MEDIA MF TECHNIQUE AGAR PLATES 2 HOUR RESUSCITATION 22 Hrs INCUBATION UREASE TEST COUNT YELLOW MFC BROTH MF TECHNIQUE BROTH PLATES NO RESUSCITATION 24 Hrs INCUBATION + 2 Hrs COUNT BLUE 20 NORTH FORK KY RIVER ABOVE WHITESBURG 7/16/2015 21 NORTH FORK KENTUCKY RIVER ABOVE WHITESBURG 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 GEO MEAN 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1990 7/16/2015 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 22 NORTH FORK KY RIVER BELOW WHITESBURG 7/16/2015 23 NORTH FORK KENTUCKY RIVER BELOW WHITESBURG 3500 3000 2500 2000 GEO MEAN 1500 1000 500 0 7/16/2015 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 24 NFKR ABOVE HAZARD 7/16/2015 25 NORTH FORK KENTUCKY RIVER ABOVE HAZARD 3000 2500 2000 1500 GEO MEAN 1000 500 0 7/16/2015 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 26 NORTH FORK KY RIVER BELOW HAZARD 7/16/2015 27 NORTH FORK KENTUCKY RIVER BELOW HAZARD 12000 10000 8000 6000 GEO MEAN 4000 2000 0 7/16/2015 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 28 7/16/2015 29 NORTH FORK KENTUCKY RIVER AT CHAVIES 400 350 300 250 200 GEO MEAN 150 100 50 0 7/16/2015 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 30 0 7/16/2015 R11 FC R11 EC R10 FC R10 EC R9 FC R9 EC R8 FC R8 EC R7 FC R7 EC R6 FC R6 EC R5 FC R5 EC R4 FC R4 EC R3 FC R3 EC R2 FC R2 EC R1 FC R1 EC EC & FC 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 31 ACCEPTABLE INDICATOR LEVELS 7/16/2015 EC acceptable at 2 OF 11 stations(18%) using 126 per 100 mL OF 82 EC samples, 33 had acceptable levels using 235 per 100 mL (40%) 15 of 82 comparisons had greater E.coli values than FC (18%) FC acceptable at 3 of 11 stations (27%) using 200 per 100 mL Of 82 FC samples, 38 had acceptable levels using 400 per 100 mL (46%) 32 100000 10000 2 R = 0.89 p<.00001 FC 1000 100 10 1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 EC 7/16/2015 33 CONCLUSIONS Using Pearson coefficient of correlation, the EC and FC data indicated a high degree of correlation (r2 = 0.89) Variation was more pronounced at counts less than 100 per 100 mL. Either EC or FC are satisfactory water quality indicators MTEC adds more lab time, restricts sample collection time MTEC’s biggest drawback is 2 hr resuscitation time MTEC procedure while accurate, not recommended 7/16/2015 34