Transcript Quiz - Portland State University

Cyanobacteria(only chl a)
• Eg. Oscillatoria, Synecococcus
• Phycobilins (green color), in phycobilisomes,
chlorophyll a
• phycoerythrin-red, phycocyanin-blue
• reaction center - thyllakoids (lamellar membranes)
• carboxysomes- Rubisco- CO2 fixation
• heterocysts
• Significance - primary production, nuisance blooms
• Prochlorophytes (chl a and b) NO phycobilins
Cyanobacteria-oxygenic phototrophs
Bacteria
GRAM positive Bacteria
• Non-sporulating low GC, eg. Streptococcus,
Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, "Epulopiscium"
• Endospore forming low GC, eg. Bacillus,
Clostridium acetobutylicum
• Cell wall-less low GC (Mycoplasma), compare
Thermoplasma
• High GC (Coryneform and Propionic), swiss
cheese
• High GC (Mycobacterium), Unique lipids=
mycolic acids, TB, leprosy
• Filamentous, High GC, -Actinomycetes;
Streptomyces and antibiotics
Chlamydia
• intracellular parasites of humans (get ATP
from host)
• like Planctomycetes, they lack
peptidoglycan in cell walls
• psittacosis
Planctomycetes
• Nature Volume 400 Number 6743 p 446-449,
Missing lithotroph identified as new
planctomycete
•
The new planctomycete grows extremely
slowly, dividing only once every two weeks.
• The identification of this bacterium as the one
responsible for anaerobic oxidation of ammonia
makes an important contribution to the problem of
unculturability.
•
budding, most are heterotrophs
•
odd cell divsion, stalked
•
Isosphaera pallidum, hot spring isolate
Bacteroides and flavobacteria
• rumen, gram - anaerobe, grow
heterotrophically, best with bile acids
Green sulfur bacteria
• eg. Chlorobium
•
often appear brown because of carotenoids
•
anoxygenic photosynthesis, efficient
energetically, NADPH reduced directly
•
sulfur on the outside
•
more tolerant of high H2S
• very small cells
• Has chlorosome
Spirochetes
• Slender motile cells
• move like corkscrew
• axial element, flagella in periplasmic space, 2 sets
of 'fibrils'
• freeliving and interesting symbiosis (eg termite
guts) J. R. Leadbetter, T. M. Schmidt, J. R.
Graber, and J. A. Breznak. 1999. Acetogenesis
from H2 Plus CO2 by Spirochetes from Termite
Guts. Science 283: 686-689.
• Borellia (lymes disease). Genome.
• Complete Genome Sequence of Treponema
pallidum, the Syphilis Spirochete. Science 1998
July 17; 281:375-388.
Deinococcus/Thermus
• THERMUS
•
Taq polymerase,
•
heterotrophs, aerobes
•
often pigmented
DEINOCOCCUS
• radiation resistant and desiccation resistance
•
> 100rad radiation + 30 000Gy
(humans killed by < 5Gy)
•
very effective DNA repair mechanism
Green non-sulfur Bacteria
• Chloroflexus
•
Photoheterotroph, anaerobe
•
photoautotroph, anaerobe (sulfide and H2
are e-donors)
• Reaction center similar to purple S
•
chemoheterotroph and aerobe in the dark!
•
Used an unusual pathway to fix CO2
(hydroxyproprionate pathway)
•
also has chlorosome
Ward et al., MMBR, 62:1353
Other thermophiles
• Thermotoga
toga, heterotrophic thermophile
Thermodesulfurobacterium
– ether-linked lipids like Archaea (Ammonifex, Gram +
has this too)
Desulfobacterium
– S-reducing chemolithotroph recently descibed lineage
from deep-sea vents
Aquifex-Hydrogenobacter et al.
• most are chemolithotrophs, "knall gas"
reaction
• thermophiles
• small genome