Transcript Classification Notes for Booklet

CLASSIFICATION
Part 1
The 3
Domains
for Booklet
3 Domains –
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota
Currently all life is divided into three large
groups called domains:
 Bacteria
 Archaea
 Eukaryota
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3 Domains –
Bacteria and Archaea and Eukaryota
With the exception of plants, animals, fungi and
slime molds within the domain Eukaryota, most
life forms are microscopic.
These are called
microorganisms.
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Domains –Archaea
Archaebacteria has been on Earth for at least 3
billion years.
Are known as “ancient” bacteria.
Live in places where most living things cannot live.
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Domain –Archaea
Can live in areas of extreme heat or extreme cold.
Some are autotrophic and some are heterotrophic
Composed of plasma and cell walls.
Reproduce asexually.
Ex. Thermophiles (thermal vents), halophiles (saltyRed Sea), acidophiles (extreme acidic conditions such
as methanogens in animal guts)
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Domain–Bacteria
“True” Bacteria
Are tiny organisms that live in almost every place
on and near Earth’s surface.
Even live on and inside the human body!
Complex, prokaryotic organisms
Single celled autotrophs.
Streptococcus
Reproduce asexually and sometimes
sexually (conjugation)
Blue green algae
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Domain– Eukarya
Contains all other kingdoms since they are all
Eukaryotes.
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
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CLASSIFICATION
Part 2
The 6
Kingdoms
for Booklet
The Six Kingdoms
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The Six Kingdoms
The Cavalier-Smith six
kingdom classification
system divides all known
organism types into the
following kingdoms:
1) Plantae (plants)
2) Animalia (animals)
3) Fungi (mushrooms and
molds)
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The Six Kingdoms
4) Eubacteria (true
bacteria)
5) Archaebacteria
(ancient bacteria that
live in extremely hostile
conditions)
6) Protista
(microscopic organisms
that are not bacteria,
plants or animals) “catch
all” for those that don’t
fit anywhere else
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Kingdom Plantae
The plant kingdom consists of organisms that
are:
 multicellular
 eukaryotic
 autotrophic
Some plants
reproduce sexually,
others reproduce
asexually. Primarily
sexual
Members of the plant kingdom have strong cell
walls that provide support.
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Kingdom Animalia
The animal kingdom consists of organisms that
are:
 multicellular
 eukaryotic
 heterotrophic
Most animals reproduce sexually, but some, such
as starfish, can reproduce asexually
(regeneration). Primarily sexual.
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Kingdom Fungi
The fungi kingdom consists of organisms that are:
 multicellular or
unicellular
 eukaryotic
 heterotrophic
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Kingdom Fungi
Fungi reproduce by
producing spores.
Some reproduce
sexually, others
reproduce
asexually…so…BOTH
Members of the
fungi kingdom are
similar to plants in
that they have cell
walls.
However they do not contain chlorophyll
which is why they cannot make their own
food.
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Kingdom Eubacteria
The eubacteria kingdom
consists of organisms that are:
 unicellular
 prokaryotic
 autotrophic or
heterotrophic
 able to reproduce asexually
by binary fission or sexually
by conjugation
Bacteria can be grouped
depending on the thickness of a
substance in their cell walls. It
is shown using a gram stain.
Gram positive bacteria –
thick layer of substance
Gram negative bacteria –
thin layer of substance
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Kingdom Archaebacteria
The archaebacteria kingdom
consists of organisms that are:
 unicellular
 prokaryotic
 autotrophic or
heterotrophic
 able to reproduce
asexually
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Kingdom Archaebacteria
Members of this
kingdom are found in
extreme conditions
where other
organisms could not
survive.
For example in extreme
temperatures or regions
of high salt levels.
Thermophiles – survive in
areas
of extreme
temperature.
Halophiles
– survive
in
Methanogens
– salt
produce
areas with high
levels.
methane and live in the
guts of animals.
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Kingdom Protista
The protista kingdom consists
of organisms that are:
Heterotrophic
 mostly unicellular
but some
multicellular
 Eukaryotic”catch all”
kingdom
 mostly heterotrophic
but some are autotrophic
Protista
Autotrophic
Protozoa
 Neat fact: Algae produce most of the oxygen on earth
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Kingdom Protista
This kingdom contains
microscopic organisms
that are not plants,
animals or bacteria.
Heterotrophic
Protista
Some protists
reproduce sexually,
others reproduce
asexually.
Autotrophic
Protozoa
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CLASSIFICATION
Part 3
The 7 Levels of
Classification for
Booklet
Separating Species
The kingdoms are
populated according
to characteristics of
the organisms and
how they are related
to each other.
Flowering
Plants with seeds
and flowers
Ferns
Groups of organisms are then
broken down according to
differences found between
them.
Nonflowering
Gymnosperms
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Separating Species
Plants may be
flowering or nonflowering.
Animals may have
backbones, but
may not.
Then differences
within each group
can enable the
organisms to be
separated further.
Flowering
Plants with seeds
and flowers
Ferns
Nonflowering
Gymnosperms
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7 Levels of ClassificationCarl Linneaus
Until the 1700’s, scientists divided
organisms into two groups, plants and
animals. But scientists found that
some living things didn’t really fit into
either group. In the 1700’s, a Swedish
physician and botanist named Carl
Linneaus solve the problem. Linneaus
founded taxonomy. Linneaus tried to
classify all known living things based
on their shape and structure. He came
up with a seven-level system of
classification, which is still used
today.
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7 Levels of Classification- Kingdom
Every living thing is classified into one of six
kingdoms.
Kingdoms are the largest, most general groups.
All animals are in the kingdom Animalia.
7 levels of Classification - Kingdom
This kingdom consists of organisms that satisfy
their nutrition needs from consuming other
organisms.
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7 Levels of Classification - Phylum
All living things are then sorted into several
phyla (singular, phylum).
Mollusks
Invertebrates
Crustaceans
Segmented worms
(no backbone)
Roundworms
Myriapods
Flatworms
Coelenterates
Arachnids
Animalia
Echinoderms
Arthropods
Insects
Fish
Birds
Vertebrates
Reptiles
(with backbone)
Amphibians
Mammals
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7 Levels of Classification-Phylum
The members of one phylum are more like each
other than they are like members of other
phyla.
All animals in the phylum Chordata have a
hollow nerve cord and most have a backbone.
7 Levels of Classification-Class
All of the living things in a phylum are further
sorted in classes.
Animals in the Class Mammalia have a
backbone. They also nurse their young.
7 Levels of Classification- Order
Each class is divided into one or more orders.
Animals in the order Carnivora have a backbone
and nurse their young.
They also have special teeth for tearing meat.
7 Levels of Classification- Family
Orders are separated into families.
Animals in the family Felidae are cats. They
have a backbone, nurse their young and have
special teeth for tearing meat.
Their claws can be drawn back into their paws.
7 Levels of Classification- Genus
Families are broken into genera (singular
genus).
Animals in the genus Felis have traits of other
animals in the same family.
However, they cannot roar, they can only purr.
7 Levels of Classification- Species
Genera are sorted into species.
Species Felis domesticus is the common house
cat.
It has traits of all the levels above it, but it
also has special traits.
Scientific Names
Felis domesticus is the scientific name of a
common house cat.
Scientific names are use in place of common
names because they can have several different
common names depending on where they are.
The scientific name is either in italics or
underlined. The first letter of the Genus is
capitalized and the species is all lower case.
Dichotomous Keys
Dichotomous Keys are special guides that help
to identify unknown organisms.
A dichotomous key has several pairs of
descriptive statements and the person trying
to make an identification looks at the first pair
of statements and chooses the best one that
describes the organism.
By working through the statements in the key,
the person will be able to identify the
organism.
Which picture is the only one to show an
organism that is a vertebrate?
Picture A
Picture B
Picture C
Picture D
A) Picture A
B) Picture B
C) Picture C
D) Picture D
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Which picture is the only one to show an
organism that is a vertebrate?
Picture A
Picture B
Picture C
Picture D
A) Picture A
B) Picture B
C) Picture C
D) Picture D
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Which of these is the broadest category for the
organism shown?
A) Domain Eukaryota
B) Kingdom Plantae
C) Flowering plant
D) Seed-producing plant
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Which of these is the broadest category for the
organism shown?
A) Domain Eukaryota
B) Kingdom Plantae
C) Flowering plant
D) Seed-producing plant
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