Transcript 9.4 Genetic Engineering

9.1 Manipulating DNA
•Set up Cornell Notes on
pg. 19
•Topic: 9.4 Genetic
Engineering
•Essential Question:
1. Why is the offspring of
asexual reproduction a
clone?
2.1 Atoms, Ions,9.4 Cloning
and Molecules
1. Why is the offspring of asexual
reproduction a clone?
KEY CONCEPT
DNA sequences of organisms
can be changed.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Please copy down the questions on p.18. Leave room for the
answers.
Click and Clone Questions
1. What two types of cells do you need in order to create a
clone?
2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone?
3. Which two mice will be genetically identical?
4. Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic
donor?
9.4 Genetic Engineering
KEY CONCEPT
DNA sequences of organisms can be changed.
CC=
Copy Cat
or
Carbon Copy
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Entire organisms can be cloned.
• A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an
organism.
CC- The
first cloned
cat
Born Dec
22, 2001
after 86
unsuccessful
tries
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Cloning occurs in nature:
– bacteria (binary fission- makes a copy of itself)
– some simple animals and plants (budding, regeneration)
– Identical twins
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Planaria- “Regeneration”
•
•
•
•
Planaria can be cut into pieces, and each piece can regenerate into a complete
organism.
Cells at the location of the wound site regenerate the missing parts
It's this feature that gave them the famous designation of being "immortal under
the edge of a knife."
Very small pieces of the planarian, estimated to be as little as 1/279th of the
organism it is cut from, can regenerate back into a complete organism over the
course of a few weeks.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Mammals can be cloned through a process called nuclear
transfer.
– TRANSFERRING of a NUCLEUS
9.4 Genetic Engineering
1. Nucleus is removed from the egg cell of a donor female
Egg
cell
9.4 Genetic Engineering
2. nucleus of a somatic (body) cell from the animal to be
cloned is implanted in the donor egg
Skin cell
9.4 Genetic Engineering
3. Electricity or special chemicals are used to stimulate the
egg to begin division leading to the development of an
embryo
* NO SPERM in cloning
9.4 Genetic Engineering
4. The embryo (blastocyst) is then implanted into a surrogate
mother
9.4 Genetic Engineering
5. (Human) Clone will then take 10 months (40 weeks) to
gestate
9.4 Genetic Engineering
6. Clone will be born
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Draw this picture on the bottom of p. 18
Donor DNA for clone
Donor
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Clone Mimi the Mouse
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/clickandclone/
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Answer your “Click and Clone” Questions
1. What two types of cells do you need in order to create a
clone?
2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone?
3. Which two mice will be genetically identical?
4. Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic
donor?
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Click and Clone Questions
1. What two types of cells do you need in order to create a
clone?
• Somatic cell and egg cell
2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone?
• 3: Somatic cell donor (who we are cloning), egg donor,
and surrogate mother (who carries the baby)
3. Which two mice will be genetically identical?
• The somatic cell donor and the clone
4. Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic
donor?
• No. The behavior may be very different from the original.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Review
9.4 Genetic Engineering
MEET DOLLY
In 1996 Dolly became the first mammal to be cloned using an
adult somatic (body) cell. She was born on the 277th try.
Did you know?
•She was
derived from a
mammary
gland
•She was
named after
Dolly Parton
Dolly and
her lamb
Bonny
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Issues with Dolly
•She developed and grew
normally, but she had
health problems
•Did not live as long as
typical sheep
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Known animals to have been cloned as of 2012:
• Carp (fish)
• Cat
• Cattle
•Deer
•Dog
• Ferret
•Frog (tadpole)
•Fruit Flies
•Gaur (wild cattle)
• Goat
•Horse
• Mice
• Mouflon (wild sheep)
• Mule
•Pig
•Pyrenean ibex (type of goat)
•*first extinct animal to be clonedonly lived 7 mins
• Rabbit
• Rat
• Rhesus Monkey
• Sheep
• Water Buffalo
• Wolf
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Benefits
– Maybe use organs from cloned mammals
for transplant into humans saving millions of
lives
– save endangered species by increasing
population #s
• Concerns
– low success rate (approx. 1-3 % are
successful)
– clones “imperfect” and less healthy than
original animal
– decreased biodiversity because the clones
would be genetically identical to other
organisms in the community
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Pet owners expecting to clone an exact copy of their furry
friend will be disappointed…
*CC does
not have the
health issues
normally
associated
with other
clones.
May not look, act, or behave like the original. Likely to have
health issues, and a shorter life span.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
I Cloned My Dead Dog (6m30s)
9.4 Genetic Engineering
•Set up Cornell Notes on
pg. 21
•Topic: 9.4 Genetic
Engineering
•Essential Question: Why
do so many people
oppose both reproductive
and therapeutic cloning?
9.4 Types of Cloning
2.1 Atoms, Ions,
and Molecules
Why do so many people oppose both
reproductive and therapeutic cloning?
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Ethics Involved in Cloning
Ethics: the branch of knowledge that deals with moral principles
• What are some ethical principles that we must consider
when cloning?
9.4 Genetic Engineering
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Therapeutic vs. Reproductive Cloning
• Reproductive cloning: involves creating an animal that is
genetically identical to a donor animal through somatic cell
nuclear transfer.
– (In reproductive cloning, the newly created embryo is placed back into the
uterine environment where it can implant and develop)
– Dolly the sheep is perhaps the most well known example.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Therapeutic vs. Reproductive Cloning
• Therapeutic cloning: an embryo is created in a similar way,
but the resulting "cloned" cells remain in a dish in the lab;
they are not implanted into a female's uterus
– Sole purpose: To create stem cells with the same DNA
as the donor cell
– Used to understand disease/developing new treatments
– ***Embryo will be destroyed
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Therapeutic vs. Reproductive Cloning
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Cloning in movies and books
The Island
(2005)
• People on
the island
are told
what to eat,
wear, and
how to act.
• They are
clones. Held
prisoner to
be used for
spare parts
or as
surrogates
The Boys from
Brazil
• After WWII,
Nazis create
94 Hitler
clones in
hopes that
one will
grow up to
be like the
original
Hitler and
create a
fourth Reich
9.4 Genetic Engineering
The Eyes of Nye: Cloning
(25 mins)
• Please answer the questions as the video plays
• You will be writing an essay about EITHER
– Genetically engineering humans
Pros/Cons
OR
– The ethics behind cloning humans
Pros/Cons
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Table Talk- Eyes of Nye: Cloning
• Benefits of cloning:
– Full organisms or only genes?
– Real life examples?
– Possibilities for medical treatments?
• PROBLEMS with cloning:
– Success rate?
– Health of clones?
– Religious or personal beliefs?
– Ethical questions?
********Be ready to share out with the class********
9.4 Genetic Engineering
HOMEWORK:
National Human Genome Research Institute Article
• Please read/highlight the NHGRI article on cloning
• This information will help you prepare to write your
Cloning/Genetic Engineering Essay that you will be
assigned on Friday
9.4 Genetic Engineering
The Clone Age Questions (50 mins)
1. What types of cloning occur naturally in
nature?
2. What are a few of the concerns with
cloning?
3. Please write a paragraph explaining the
pros and cons of human cloning in your
opinion.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
The Clone Age
When watching the video, please consider
the advantages and disadvantages of
cloning humans.
•
•
•
•
Religion
Medical advances
Ethics
Health of human clones
9.4 Genetic Engineering
The Clone Age Answers
1. What types of cloning occur naturally in
nature?
– bacteria (binary fission- makes a copy of itself)
– some simple animals and plants (budding, regeneration)
– Identical twins
2. What are a few of the concerns with
cloning?
•
•
•
low success rate (approx. 1-3 % are successful)
clones “imperfect” and less healthy than original
animal
decreased biodiversity
9.1 Manipulating DNA
•Set up Cornell Notes on
pg. 23
•Topic: 9.4 Genetic
Engineering
•Essential Question:
1. Explain how
recombinant DNA is
used to make
transgenic organisms.
9.4
Genetic Engineering
2.1 Atoms,
Ions,
and Molecules
1. Explain how recombinant DNA is
used to make transgenic organisms.
GET OUT YOUR
“EYES OF NYE”
QUESTIONS
9.1 Manipulating DNA
Divide pg. 22 in half
9.1 Manipulating DNA
Genetic Engineering 4m
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZmZ161njr8
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Open your biology book to page 225, and on
the top section of pg. 22 write a paragraph
explaining how genetic engineering is
responsible for making this mouse glow.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• The mouse’s green glow comes from the green fluorescent
protein GFP. Scientists put a gene from a glowing jellyfish
into a virus that was allowed to infect a mouse egg. The
jellyfish gene became part of the mouse’s genes. As a result
the mouse cells produce the same protein.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Table Talk
• What do you think genetic engineering involves?
– Examples?
• What sorts of things can we genetically engineer?
– Plants
– Animals
– Bacteria
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Genetic engineering involves changing an organism’s
DNA to give it new traits by inserting cloned genes from
one organism into a different organism.
– Possible because the genetic code is shared by all
organisms (all living things share the same 4 nucleotides
A,T,C,G)
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Genetic engineering uses Recombinant DNA (think recombination) which is DNA that contains genes from more
than one organism.
• Bacterial plasmids are often used to make recombinant
DNA.
• Plasmids are closed loops of DNA found in bacteria
Recombinant DNA
Plasmid
from
bacterial
cell
Foreign DNA
Original DNA
Draw/label/
color code on
pg. 23
9.4 Genetic Engineering
1. Restriction enzymes cut plasmid and foreign DNA
2. foreign gene inserted into plasmid
3. Plasmid put back into bacteria
4. Bacteria will multiply
– *Result: New proteins will be expressed in the bacteria!
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Designing Genes 2m44s
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering produces organisms with new traits!
• A transgenic organism has one or more genes from another
organism inserted into its genome.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS
Transgenic
Bacteria
Transgenic
Plants
• What are they produced for?
• Real life Examples of each
Transgenic
Animals
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Transgenic bacteria can be used to produce many
useful chemicals
– Cancer drugs
– Pesticides
– Insulin
*Ex: Insulin is made by introducing
human recombinant DNA into a
plasmid allowing it to multiply
• It is then collected and used to
treat people with diabetes
9.4 Genetic Engineering
*Bacteria used to produce artificial sweeteners
• Aspartame- Widely used artificial sweetener
– Diet soda
– Sugar-free gum and candy
– Sugar-free desserts
– Sugar-free condiments
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Transgenic plants
– transgenic bacteria infect a plant
– many crops are now genetically modified(GM)
– Ex: resistance to frost/diseases/insects
***In order for plants to “pass down” the genetic
trait to their offspring they must be sure that the
gene is present in the seed of the plant!***
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Farmers use pesticides to get rid of “pests”
• Farmers use herbicides to get rid of weeds
– If we spray a “herbicide” on a crop full of weeds what
might happen?
– Scientists have developed genetically engineered
plants that are resistant to the herbicides
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Manipulating Plant Genes 2m25s
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Genetically Modified Food (Docu) UK 13m15s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bx3vu7fd2n8
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Transgenic animals are used to study diseases and gene
functions.
– *The hope is to treat/cure diseases in humans
– Hard to produce!
– Must get a fertilized egg-insert the foreign DNA
back into female
– Only a small % of these will mature normally
– Only some will be transgenic
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• The animals that are transgenic will have the foreign gene
as part of their DNA
• *Gene will be in ALL of their cells, including the
sperm/egg, and therefore they can pass it on to their
offspring
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Manipulating Animal Genes 1m43s
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Jurassic Park Clip
(3m10s)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMsJe3TymqY
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Jurassic Park Questions
• Why does John need a drop of blood from John?
• What is inaccurate about the cloning of John?
• How do the Jurassic Park scientists manipulate the
dinosaur DNA to make transgenic dinosaurs?
• What type of egg do they use to allow the dinosaurs to
develop in? (Very quiet, in the background)
• Do we need a surrogate?
• Why were the dinosaurs unable to breed?
9.4 Genetic Engineering
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Why does John need a drop of blood from John?
To extract DNA from
What is inaccurate about the cloning of John?
A real clone would not be the same age, it would be a baby
How do the Jurassic Park scientists manipulate the dinosaur DNA to
make transgenic dinosaurs?
They fill in the “gaps” in the dinosaur DNA with frog DNA
What type of egg do they use to allow the dinosaurs to develop in?
(Very quiet, in the background)
They use unfertilized ostrich eggs (This is why there is no need for a
surrogate.
Do we need a surrogate?
No. Just the egg donor (ostrich) and DNA from the animal
Why were the dinosaurs unable to breed?
They were all female.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Concerns with Genetic Engineering
• Scientists have concerns about some uses of genetic
engineering.
– Possible long-term health effects of
eating GM foods
– Possible effects of GM plants on
ecosystems and biodiversity (will
they kill other organisms)
– Ex: GM plants- side effect- kill
certain insects
– Other unknown side effects?????
cause allergies/cancer?
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Bottom of P. 22 :
Draw a double bubble
map comparing and
contrasting cloning and
genetic engineering. Give
examples.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Genetically
identical
copy of a
gene or
organism
Uses
nuclear
transfer
Dolly the
Sheep, CC
the cat
Changes
DNA to
give it
new traits
Biotechnology
Genetic
Engineering
Cloning
May involve
manipulating
DNA
Mouse
that has
jellyfish
DNA
Weather/drought
resistant fruits
and veggies
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering/Cloning Essay
• To Clone or Not to Clone?
• Designer Genes- Designer Babies?
Feel free to change the specifics of your essay. The prompts call for
specifically CLONING HUMANS or the GENETIC ENGINEERING
of HUMANS, but you can feel free to write an essay on a few other
topics as well:
• Reproductive vs. Therapeutic Cloning (pros/cons of each-opinion)
• Genetic engineering of our food sources: crops/animals (pros/consopinion)
9.4 Genetic Engineering
GATTACA
In the “Not-too-distant
future” humans
genetically engineer
babies to posses the
best qualities of both
parents
9.4 Genetic Engineering
GATTACA Trailer
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpzVFdDeWyo
9.4 Genetic Engineering
The movie focuses on the potential consequences of
genetically engineering our offspring
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Created humans are
considered valid
• Have “professional”
jobs
• While natural born
humans are considered
in-valid
• Work “labor” jobs